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A condensed-matter analogue of the false vacuum
Journal of Physics Communications Pub Date : 2021-06-11 , DOI: 10.1088/2399-6528/ac060b
Mark Gibbons

Through experimental investigation into the behaviour of a polar dielectric working fluid, an ideal ‘quasi-thermodynamic’ cycle has been established. Particular stages of this cycle are described in terms of a condensed-matter analogue of the false vacuum, when operating under negative pressure. The cycle is established between 37 C and 15 C under isochoric conditions. Phase-change work is created in two-directions, positive expansion-work and negative contraction-work. A large proportion of the expansion-work derives from a cooling process where the fluid exhibits negative heat capacity. When heat flux ceases, the fluid becomes unstable and heat capacity switches from negative to positive, displaying a ‘non-equivalence of ensembles’ phase-change. Whilst elements of the fluid behaviour can only be described by the statistical mechanics of non-equilibrium systems, the calculated equations of state for classical thermodynamics are confirmed to be accurate from the experimental investigation. However, the classical thermodynamic calculations for cycle-efficiency do not produce a symmetry of energy conservation. This suggests that an additional form of energy, having long-range interaction and distinct from heat and work input, is involved in the performance of the quasi-thermodynamic cycle. The expansion of a negative pressure fluid that contains inclusion compounds appears responsible for this potential energy interaction as an analogue of the false vacuum potential that can be explained by application of the virial theorem.



中文翻译:

假真空的凝聚态类似物

通过对极性介电工作流体行为的实验研究,建立了理想的“准热力学”循环。当在负压下运行时,这个循环的特定阶段是根据假真空的凝聚态模拟来描述的。在等容条件下,该循环在 37°C 和 15°C 之间建立。相变功在两个方向上产生,正膨胀功和负收缩功。大部分膨胀功来自流体呈现负热容的冷却过程。当热通量停止时,流体变得不稳定,热容从负值转换为正值,显示出“非等价的集合”相变。虽然流体行为的元素只能通过非平衡系统的统计力学来描述,但经典热力学的计算状态方程从实验研究中被证实是准确的。然而,循环效率的经典热力学计算不会产生能量守恒的对称性。这表明,准热力学循环的性能涉及另一种形式的能量,它具有长程相互作用并且不同于热量和功输入。包含包合物的负压流体的膨胀似乎是造成这种势能相互作用的原因,类似于可以通过应用维里定理来解释的假真空势。经实验研究证实,经典热力学的计算状态方程是准确的。然而,循环效率的经典热力学计算不会产生能量守恒的对称性。这表明,准热力学循环的性能涉及另一种形式的能量,它具有长程相互作用并且不同于热量和功输入。包含包合物的负压流体的膨胀似乎是造成这种势能相互作用的原因,类似于可以通过应用维里定理来解释的假真空势。经实验研究证实,经典热力学的计算状态方程是准确的。然而,循环效率的经典热力学计算不会产生能量守恒的对称性。这表明,准热力学循环的性能涉及另一种形式的能量,它具有长程相互作用并且不同于热量和功输入。包含包合物的负压流体的膨胀似乎是造成这种势能相互作用的原因,类似于可以通过应用维里定理来解释的假真空势。循环效率的经典热力学计算不会产生能量守恒的对称性。这表明,准热力学循环的性能涉及另一种形式的能量,它具有长程相互作用并且不同于热量和功输入。包含包合物的负压流体的膨胀似乎是造成这种势能相互作用的原因,类似于可以通过应用维里定理来解释的假真空势。循环效率的经典热力学计算不会产生能量守恒的对称性。这表明,准热力学循环的性能涉及另一种形式的能量,它具有长程相互作用并且不同于热量和功输入。包含包合物的负压流体的膨胀似乎是造成这种势能相互作用的原因,类似于可以通过应用维里定理来解释的假真空势。

更新日期:2021-06-11
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