A crucial aspect of the regulation of domestic service is the regulation of people's status. Because of its emphasis on freedom and equality, the French Revolution is particularly interesting. “Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Social distinctions may be based only on considerations of the common good.” These principles of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen (26 August 1789) did not seem to leave room for slavery and master/servant hierarchies. Yet, their impact on slaves and servants was ambivalent, as I shall show by focusing on France and its Caribbean colonies. Dependency, race, and gender are crucial in my analysis. After sketching the features of servants, serfs, slaves, and indentured servants at the end of the Ancien Régime, I will analyse how the Revolution affected them, focusing on serfs and servants in metropolitan France, on black colonial slaves, and on female slaves and servants. While I investigate the “French imperial nation-State”, I will also provide some comparison with the American case. The Revolution led to a feminization of dependence both in metropolitan France and in the French Caribbean, making dependence more gendered. It abolished serfdom and slavery, and enfranchised male domestiques. Thus, on the one hand, it was really revolutionary; on the other, colonial slavery was first replaced by bonded labour and then reintroduced. Male domestiques were enfranchised briefly and only on paper; they would be enfranchised when slavery in the French colonies was abolished (1848). Women were excluded: mistresses and maids had to wait until 1944 to become full citizens. This makes it impossible to establish clear-cut distinctions between pre-revolutionary and post-revolutionary times, and in part challenges the difference between metropole and colonies.

中文翻译：

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从奴隶和仆人到公民？调节革命法国和法属西印度群岛的依赖、种族和性别

家政服务监管的一个重要方面是对人的地位的监管。因为强调自由和平等，法国大革命特别有趣。“人是天生的，在权利上保持自由和平等。社会区别可能只基于对共同利益的考虑。” 《人权和公民权利宣言》（1789 年 8 月 26 日）的这些原则似乎没有为奴隶制和主仆等级制度留下空间。然而，它们对奴隶和仆人的影响是矛盾的，正如我将通过关注法国及其加勒比殖民地来展示的那样。在我的分析中，依赖、种族和性别是至关重要的。在勾勒出旧制度末期的仆人、农奴、奴隶和契约仆人的特征之后，我将分析大革命对他们的影响，重点关注法国大都市的农奴和仆人、黑人殖民奴隶以及女性奴隶和女仆。我在考察“法国帝国民族国家”的同时，也将与美国的案例做一些比较。革命导致法国大都市和法属加勒比地区的依赖女性化，使依赖更加性别化。它废除了农奴制和奴隶制，并赋予男性权利家政. 因此，一方面，它确实是革命性的；另一方面，殖民奴隶制首先被债役劳工取代，然后重新引入。男性家政被短暂地授予了选举权，而且只是在纸上；当法国殖民地的奴隶制被废除（1848 年）时，他们将获得选举权。妇女被排除在外：情妇和女仆​​必须等到 1944 年才能成为正式公民。这使得无法明确区分革命前和革命后的时代，并且在一定程度上挑战了大都市和殖民地之间的差异。