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The Role of the Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex and Basal Forebrain in Relational Memory and Inference.
Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience ( IF 3.2 ) Pub Date : 2021-08-01 , DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01722
Erik A Wing 1 , Maria C D'Angelo 1 , Asaf Gilboa 1, 2 , Jennifer D Ryan 1, 2
Affiliation  

The ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is involved in diverse cognitive operations, from inhibitory control to processing of semantic schemas. When accompanied by damage to the basal forebrain, vmPFC lesions can also impair relational memory, the ability to form and recall relations among items. Impairments in establishing direct relations among items (e.g., A is related to B, B is related to C) can also hinder the transitive processing of indirect relationships (e.g., inferring that A and C are related through direct relations that each contain B). Past work has found that transitive inference improves when the direct relations are organized within an existing knowledge structure, or schema. This type of semantic support is most effective for individuals whose relational memory deficits are mild (e.g., healthy age-related decline) rather than pronounced (e.g., hippocampal amnesia, amnestic mild cognitive impairment). Given that vmPFC damage can produce both relational memory and schema processing deficits, such damage may pose a particular challenge in establishing the type of relational structure required for transitive inference, even when supported by preexisting knowledge. To examine this idea, we tested individuals with lesions to the mPFC on multiple conditions that varied in pre-experimental semantic support and explored the extent to which they could identify both previously studied (direct) and novel transitive (indirect) relations. Most of the mPFC cases showed marked transitive inference deficits and even showed impaired knowledge of preexisting, direct, semantic relations, consistent with disruptions to schema-related processes. However, one case with more dorsal mPFC damage showed preserved ability to identify direct relations and make novel inferences, particularly when pre-experimental knowledge could be used to support performance. These results suggest that damage to the mPFC and basal forebrain can impede establishment of ad hoc relational schemas upon which transitive inference is based, but that appealing to prior knowledge may still be useful for those neurological cases that have some degree of preserved relational memory.

中文翻译:

腹内侧前额叶皮层和基底前脑在关系记忆和推理中的作用。

腹内侧前额叶皮层 (vmPFC) 参与各种认知操作,从抑制控制到语义模式的处理。当伴有基底前脑损伤时,vmPFC 病变也会损害关系记忆、形成和回忆项目之间关系的能力。在项目之间建立直接关系的障碍(例如,A 与 B 相关,B 与 C 相关)也会阻碍间接关系的传递处理(例如,通过每个都包含 B 的直接关系推断 A 和 C 相关)。过去的工作发现,当直接关系在现有知识结构或模式中组织时,传递推理会得到改善。这种类型的语义支持对关系记忆缺陷较轻的个体最有效(例如,健康的年龄相关性下降)而不是明显的(例如,海马健忘症、健忘性轻度认知障碍)。鉴于 vmPFC 损坏会产生关系记忆和模式处理缺陷,这种损坏可能对建立传递推理所需的关系结构类型构成特殊挑战,即使在已有知识的支持下也是如此。为了检验这个想法,我们在实验前语义支持不同的多种条件下测试了 mPFC 损伤的个体,并探索了他们可以识别先前研究的(直接)和新的传递(间接)关系的程度。大多数 mPFC 案例表现出明显的传递推理缺陷,甚至表现出对预先存在的、直接的、语义关系的知识受损,与模式相关过程的中断一致。然而,一个具有更多背侧 mPFC 损伤的病例显示出识别直接关系和做出新推论的能力,特别是当预实验知识可用于支持性能时。这些结果表明,对 mPFC 和基底前脑的损害会阻碍建立传递推理所基于的临时关系模式,但对先验知识的吸引力可能仍然对那些具有某种程度保留关系记忆的神经系统病例有用。
更新日期:2021-08-01
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