During walking, the foot is in direct contact with the insole of the footwear, and it affects the biomechanics of the whole human body. The aim of this study was to compare the plantar pressure distribution while walking in the same footwear in three different situations: with an original footwear insole, with an ethylene-vinyl acetate customized insole, and with a 3D printed anatomical insole to find out the optimal insoles for people with a normal, flat, and high arched foot according to the plantar pressure relief. Fifty-one adults were grouped into three groups (normal foot, flat foot, and high arched foot geometry). The feet of the randomly selected subjects from each group were scanned, and the insoles were designed on the basis of the foot model. These models were then used for the 3D printing. The plantar pressure distribution was observed when walking in all three different insole types for each of the three subjects with the different foot types. The peak pressure values in the forefoot, midfoot, and rearfoot and contact area were compared. The results of the study show that customized insoles influence the plantar pressure distribution mainly in people with a flat foot or with a high arched foot deformity. This influence is dependent on the type of the customized insoles, mainly in people with a high arched foot. People with a flat foot deformity have a similar plantar pressure relief in the thermoplastic insoles as those in the 3D printed insoles, and both these customized insoles can be used as a supplementary therapeutic instrument. Our study showed that the biggest attention, with regards to customizing insoles, is required by people with a high arched foot deformity, and we recommend that these people use fully customized insoles which can be guaranteed with 3D printing techniques.

中文翻译：

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3D 打印和定制解剖学鞋垫对足底压力分布的好处

行走过程中，足部与鞋垫直接接触，会影响整个人体的生物力学。本研究的目的是比较穿着同一双鞋在三种不同情况下行走时的足底压力分布：使用原始鞋垫、使用乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯定制鞋垫和使用 3D 打印解剖学鞋垫以找出最佳根据足底压力缓解的鞋垫，适用于正常、扁平和高足弓的人。51 名成年人被分为三组（正常足、扁平足和高弓足）。对每组随机抽取的受试者进行足部扫描，根据足部模型设计鞋垫。然后将这些模型用于 3D 打印。对于具有不同脚型的三名受试者中的每一个，在所有三种不同类型的鞋垫中行走时观察足底压力分布。比较了前足、中足和后足以及接触区域的峰值压力值。研究结果表明，定制鞋垫主要影响扁平足或高弓足畸形人群的足底压力分布。这种影响取决于定制鞋垫的类型，主要针对高足弓的人。扁平足畸形患者在热塑性鞋垫中的足底压力缓解与 3D 打印鞋垫中的足底压力相似，这两种定制鞋垫都可以用作辅助治疗仪器。我们的研究表明，在定制鞋垫方面，最受关注的是