Antibiotics in the aquatic environment is a major problem because of the emergence of antibiotic resistance. The long-term ecological impact on the aquatic environment is unknown. Many sources allow entry of antibiotics into the environment, including wastewater-treatment plants (WWTPs), agricultural runoff, hospital effluent, and landfill leachate. Concentrations of antibiotics in the aquatic environment vary significantly; studies have shown fluoroquinolones, tetracycline, macrolides, sulfonamides, and penicillins to reach 2900, 1500, 9700, 21 400, and 1600 ng L^–1 in wastewater effluent samples, respectively. However, concentrations are highly variable between different countries and depend on several factors including seasonal variation, prescription, and WWTP operating procedures. Likewise, the reported concentrations that cause environmental effects vary greatly between antibiotics, even within the same class; however, this predicted concentration for the antibiotics considered was frequently <1000 ngL^–1, indicating that when discharged into the environment along with treated effluent, these antibiotics have a potentially detrimental effect on the environment. Antibiotics are generally quite hydrophilic in nature; however, they can ionize in the aquatic environment to form charged structures, such as cations, zwitterions, and anions. Certain classes, particularly fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines, can adsorb onto solid matrices, including soils, sediment, and sludge, making it difficult to fully understand their chemical fate in the aquatic environment. The adsorption coefficient (K_d) varies between different classes of antibiotics, with tetracyclines and fluoroquinolones showing the highest K_d values. The K_d values for fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, macrolides, and sulfonamides have been reported as 54 600, 7600, 130, and 1.37 L kg^–1, respectively. Factors such as pH of the environment, solid matrix (sediment/soil sludge), and ionic strength can influence the K_d; therefore, several values exist in literature for the same compound. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:3275–3298. © 2021 SETAC

中文翻译：

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水生环境中抗生素的化学归宿和分配行为——综述

由于抗生素耐药性的出现，水生环境中的抗生素是一个主要问题。对水生环境的长期生态影响尚不清楚。许多来源允许抗生素进入环境，包括污水处理厂 (WWTP)、农业径流、医院污水和垃圾填埋场渗滤液。水生环境中抗生素的浓度差异很大；研究表明，氟喹诺酮类、四环素类、大环内酯类、磺胺类和青霉素类可达到 2900、1500、9700、21 400 和 1600 ng L ^–1分别在废水排放样品中。然而，不同国家之间的浓度差异很大，并且取决于几个因素，包括季节变化、处方和 WWTP 操作程序。同样，报告的引起环境影响的浓度在抗生素之间差异很大，即使在同一类别中也是如此；然而，所考虑的抗生素的这一预测浓度通常 <1000 ngL ^–1，表明当与处理过的污水一起排放到环境中时，这些抗生素会对环境产生潜在的不利影响。抗生素通常在性质上是相当亲水的；然而，它们可以在水生环境中电离形成带电结构，例如阳离子、两性离子和阴离子。某些类别，特别是氟喹诺酮类和四环素类，可以吸附到固体基质上，包括土壤、沉积物和污泥，因此很难完全了解它们在水生环境中的化学归宿。不同种类抗生素的吸附系数 ( Kd ) 不同，其中_{四环素类和氟喹诺酮类的}Kd值最高。K _d _据报道，氟喹诺酮类、四环素类、大环内酯类和磺胺类的值分别为 54 600、7600、130 和 1.37 L kg ^–1。环境的 pH 值、固体基质（沉积物/土壤污泥）和离子强度等因素都会影响K _d；因此，文献中存在相同化合物的多个值。环境毒物化学2021；40:3275–3298。© 2021 SETAC