The impact of forest management on biodiversity is difficult to scrutinize along gradients of management. A step towards analyzing the impact of forest management on biodiversity is comparisons between managed and primary forests. The standardized typology of tree-related microhabitats (TreMs) is a multi-taxon indicator used to quantify forest biodiversity. We aim to analyze the influence of environmental factors on the occurrence of groups of TreMs by comparing primary and managed forests. We collected data for the managed forests in the Black Forest (Germany) and for the primary forests in the Western (Slovakia) and Southern Carpathians (Romania). To model the richness and the different groups of TreMs per tree, we used generalized linear mixed models with diameter at breast height (DBH), altitude, slope and aspect as predictors for European beech (Fagus sylvatica (L.)), Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.)) and silver fir (Abies alba (Mill.)) in primary and managed temperate mountain forests. We found congruent results for overall richness and the vast majority of TreM groups. Trees in primary forests hosted a greater richness of all and specific types of TreMs than individuals in managed forests. The main drivers of TreMs are DBH and altitude, while slope and aspect play a minor role. We recommend forest and nature conservation managers to focus: 1) on the conservation of remaining primary forests and 2) approaches of biodiversity-oriented forest management on the selection of high-quality habitat trees that already provide a high number of TreMs in managed forests based on the comparison with primary forests.

森林管理对生物多样性的影响很难按照管理梯度进行仔细审查。分析森林管理对生物多样性影响的一个步骤是比较管理森林和原始森林。树木相关微生境 (TreMs) 的标准化类型是一种用于量化森林生物多样性的多分类群指标。我们旨在通过比较原始森林和管理森林来分析环境因素对 TreMs 群体发生的影响。我们收集了黑森林（德国）的管理森林以及西部（斯洛伐克）和南喀尔巴阡山脉（罗马尼亚）的原始森林的数据。为了模拟每棵树的丰富度和不同组的 TreM，我们使用了具有胸高直径 (DBH)、海拔高度的广义线性混合模型，Fagus sylvatica (L.))、挪威云杉 ( Picea abies (L.) ) 和银冷杉 ( Abies alba (Mill.) ) 在原始和管理的温带山林中生长。我们发现整体丰富度和绝大多数 TreM 组的结果一致。原始森林中的树木比管理森林中的个体拥有更丰富的所有和特定类型的 TreM。TreM 的主要驱动因素是 DBH 和高度，而坡度和坡向起次要作用。我们建议森林和自然保护管理者关注：1) 保护剩余的原始森林和 2) 以生物多样性为导向的森林管理方法，选择高质量的栖息地树木，这些树木已经在管理森林中提供了大量的 TreM与原始森林的比较。