The overall aim of the present study was to examine whether moral disengagement and perceptions of antibullying class norms at individual level and at class level were associated with defending and passive bystanding in school bullying among school-age children. More specifically, we investigated the extent to which moral disengagement would contribute to explain defending and passive bystanding, after controlling for sex and perceptions of antibullying class norms at individual level and at class level. A total of 789 Swedish students (aged 10-14) from 40 middle school classes filled out a self-report survey. The findings revealed that girls and students who were less prone to morally disengage, and who perceived that their classmates endorsed more antibullying norms, were more likely to defend victimized peers. Students who were more inclined to morally disengage and perceive that classmates do not condemn bullying were more likely to act as passive bystanders. In addition, classes with higher levels of antibullying class norms were more likely to show higher rates of defending and lower rates of passive bystanding compared to the other classes. The findings suggest that schools and teachers need to develop educational strategies, methods, and efforts designed to make students aware of moral disengagement and to reduce their likelihood of morally disengaging in bullying situations. The present findings also point to the importance of teachers establishing class rules against bullying together with the students.

本研究的总体目标是检验个人层面和班级层面的道德脱离和对反欺凌班级规范的看法是否与学龄儿童在校园欺凌中的防御和被动旁观有关。更具体地说，在控制个人层面和阶级层面的性别和对反欺凌阶级规范的看法之后，我们调查了道德脱离接触在多大程度上有助于解释防御和被动旁观。共有来自 40 个中学班级的 789 名瑞典学生（10-14 岁）填写了一份自我报告调查。调查结果显示，那些不太容易在道德上脱离接触的女孩和学生，以及认为她们的同学支持更多反欺凌规范的女孩和学生，更有可能保护受害的同龄人。更倾向于在道德上脱离接触并认为同学不谴责欺凌行为的学生更有可能充当被动的旁观者。此外，与其他班级相比，反欺凌班级规范水平较高的班级更有可能表现出较高的防御率和较低的被动旁观率。调查结果表明，学校和教师需要制定教育策略、方法和努力，旨在让学生意识到道德脱离接触，并减少他们在欺凌情况下道德脱离接触的可能性。目前的调查结果还指出了教师与学生一起制定反对欺凌的班级规则的重要性。与其他班级相比，反欺凌班级规范水平较高的班级更有可能表现出更高的防御率和更低的被动旁观率。调查结果表明，学校和教师需要制定教育策略、方法和努力，旨在让学生意识到道德脱离接触，并减少他们在欺凌情况下道德脱离接触的可能性。目前的调查结果还指出了教师与学生一起制定反对欺凌的班级规则的重要性。与其他班级相比，反欺凌班级规范水平较高的班级更有可能表现出更高的防御率和更低的被动旁观率。调查结果表明，学校和教师需要制定教育策略、方法和努力，旨在让学生意识到道德脱离接触，并减少他们在欺凌情况下道德脱离接触的可能性。目前的调查结果还指出了教师与学生一起制定反对欺凌的班级规则的重要性。以及旨在让学生意识到道德脱离接触并减少他们在欺凌情况下道德脱离接触的可能性的努力。目前的调查结果还指出了教师与学生一起制定反对欺凌的班级规则的重要性。以及旨在让学生意识到道德脱离接触并减少他们在欺凌情况下道德脱离接触的可能性的努力。目前的调查结果还指出了教师与学生一起制定反对欺凌的班级规则的重要性。