Overexposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a threat to human health. It can cause skin cancer and cataracts. Human-made ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) reduce the ozone concentration in the Earth’s stratosphere, which acts as a protective shield from UV radiation. To protect and restore the ozone layer, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was enacted in 1987 to phase out the production and consumption of certain ODSs and was later amended and adjusted to significantly strengthen its requirements. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) uses its Atmospheric and Health Effects Framework (AHEF) model to assess the adverse human health effects associated with stratospheric ozone depletion and the U.S. health benefits from the global implementation of the Montreal Protocol. Comparing the Montreal Protocol as amended and adjusted with a scenario of no controls on ODSs showed the prevention of an estimated 443 million cases of skin cancer and 63 million cataract cases for people born in the United States between 1890 and 2100. In addition, 2.3 million skin cancer deaths are avoided. Compared with the original 1987 Montreal Protocol, strengthening the Montreal Protocol, through its subsequent amendments and adjustments, resulted in an estimated 230 million fewer skin cancer cases, 1.3 million fewer skin cancer deaths, and 33 million fewer cataract cases.

中文翻译：

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通过执行关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书，对美国避免的皮肤和眼部损伤的估计

过度暴露于紫外线 (UV) 辐射对人类健康构成威胁。它会导致皮肤癌和白内障。人造消耗臭氧层物质 (ODS) 会降低地球平流层中的臭氧浓度，而平流层可作为紫外线辐射的保护屏障。为保护和恢复臭氧层，1987 年颁布了《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》，逐步淘汰某些 ODS 的生产和消费，后来经过修订和调整，大大加强了其要求。美国环境保护署 (EPA) 使用其大气和健康影响框架 (AHEF) 模型来评估与平流层臭氧消耗相关的不利人类健康影响以及全球实施蒙特利尔议定书对美国的健康益处。将经修正和调整的《蒙特利尔议定书》与不控制 ODS 的情景进行比较显示，1890 年至 2100 年期间出生在美国的人预防了约 4.43 亿例皮肤癌和 6300 万例白内障病例。此外，还有 230 万例避免了皮肤癌死亡。与最初的 1987 年《蒙特利尔议定书》相比，加强《蒙特利尔议定书》，通过其随后的修订和调整，估计皮肤癌病例减少了 2.3 亿，皮肤癌死亡人数减少了 130 万，白内障病例减少了 3300 万。避免了 300 万例皮肤癌死亡。与最初的 1987 年《蒙特利尔议定书》相比，加强《蒙特利尔议定书》，通过其随后的修订和调整，估计皮肤癌病例减少了 2.3 亿，皮肤癌死亡人数减少了 130 万，白内障病例减少了 3300 万。避免了 300 万例皮肤癌死亡。与最初的 1987 年《蒙特利尔议定书》相比，加强《蒙特利尔议定书》，通过其随后的修订和调整，估计皮肤癌病例减少了 2.3 亿，皮肤癌死亡人数减少了 130 万，白内障病例减少了 3300 万。