Toxic metals affecting metabolic pathways have a broad range in the ecosystem from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Because of constant contamination from waste and untreated chemical effluents, their emissions have risen significantly over the last few decades, quickly gaining attention due to their crucial role in the development of several metabolic disorders, notably diabetes mellitus. Cadmium and arsenic not only spread widely in our atmosphere but are also linked to a wide range of health hazards. These are primarily accumulated in the liver, kidney, and pancreas once they reach the human body, where they have deleterious effects on the metabolism of glucose and its association with other metabolic pathways, particularly glycolysis, glycogenesis, and gluconeogenesis, by altering and impairing the specific activity of major enzymes. Impairment of hepatic glucose homeostasis plays a crucial role in diabetes mellitus pathogenesis. Impaired liver and kidney functions, as well as decreased pancreatic and muscle function, also contribute significantly to elevated levels of blood glucose. Heavy metals have the potential to cause changes in the conformation in these enzymes. They also impair hormonal balance by destroying the pancreas and adrenal glands. Such metals often facilitate the development of reactive oxygen species and inhibit antioxidant defense mechanisms, with multiple organs subsequently damaged. This review briefly discusses the involvement of heavy metals in metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, the enzymes involved in this pathway, and glucose homeostasis.

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重金属在糖尿病中的作用：机制和治疗策略。

影响代谢途径的有毒金属在生态系统中具有广泛的自然和人为来源。由于废物和未经处理的化学流出物的持续污染，它们的排放量在过去几十年中显着增加，由于它们在几种代谢紊乱（尤其是糖尿病）发展中的关键作用而迅速受到关注。镉和砷不仅在我们的大气中广泛传播，而且还与广泛的健康危害有关。一旦它们到达人体，它们主要在肝脏、肾脏和胰腺中积累，在那里它们通过改变和损害葡萄糖代谢及其与其他代谢途径的关联，特别是糖酵解、糖原生成和糖异生，产生有害影响。主要酶的比活性。肝葡萄糖稳态的损害在糖尿病发病机制中起着至关重要的作用。肝脏和肾脏功能受损，以及胰腺和肌肉功能下降，也会显着导致血糖水平升高。重金属有可能导致这些酶的构象发生变化。它们还通过破坏胰腺和肾上腺来损害荷尔蒙平衡。这些金属通常会促进活性氧的发展并抑制抗氧化防御机制，随后会损害多个器官。这篇综述简要讨论了重金属在代谢疾病（如糖尿病）中的作用、参与该途径的酶和葡萄糖稳态。肝脏和肾脏功能受损，以及胰腺和肌肉功能下降，也会显着导致血糖水平升高。重金属有可能导致这些酶的构象发生变化。它们还通过破坏胰腺和肾上腺来损害荷尔蒙平衡。这些金属通常会促进活性氧的发展并抑制抗氧化防御机制，从而导致多个器官受损。这篇综述简要讨论了重金属在代谢疾病（如糖尿病）中的作用、参与该途径的酶和葡萄糖稳态。肝脏和肾脏功能受损，以及胰腺和肌肉功能下降，也会显着导致血糖水平升高。重金属有可能导致这些酶的构象发生变化。它们还通过破坏胰腺和肾上腺来损害荷尔蒙平衡。这些金属通常会促进活性氧的发展并抑制抗氧化防御机制，随后会损害多个器官。这篇综述简要讨论了重金属在代谢疾病（如糖尿病）中的作用、参与该途径的酶和葡萄糖稳态。重金属有可能导致这些酶的构象发生变化。它们还通过破坏胰腺和肾上腺来损害荷尔蒙平衡。这些金属通常会促进活性氧的发展并抑制抗氧化防御机制，随后会损害多个器官。这篇综述简要讨论了重金属在代谢疾病（如糖尿病）中的作用、参与该途径的酶和葡萄糖稳态。重金属有可能导致这些酶的构象发生变化。它们还通过破坏胰腺和肾上腺来损害荷尔蒙平衡。这些金属通常会促进活性氧的发展并抑制抗氧化防御机制，随后会损害多个器官。这篇综述简要讨论了重金属在代谢疾病（如糖尿病）中的作用、参与该途径的酶和葡萄糖稳态。