Petroleum hydrocarbons are widely used and transported, increasing the risks of spills to the environment. Although conventional oils are the most commonly produced, the production of unconventional oils (i.e. diluted bitumen or dilbit) is increasing. In this study, we compared the effects of conventional oils (Arabian Light and Lloydminster) and dilbits (Bluesky and Clearwater) on early life stages of a salmonid. To this end, aqueous fractions (WAF: water accommodated fraction) of these oils were extracted using mountain spring water. Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) larvae were exposed to 10 and 50% dilutions of these WAFs from hatching (340 DD; degree days) until yolk sac resorption (541 DD). Exposure to WAFs increased skeletal malformations (both dilbits) and hemorrhage (both conventional oils and Bluesky) and decreased head growth (Arabian Light). In addition, increases in EROD activity and DNA damage were measured for all oils and an increase in cyp1a gene expression was measured for Arabian Light, Bluesky and Clearwater. The PAH and C₁₀C₅₀ concentrations were positively correlated to total larval EROD activity, whereas concentrations of total hydrocarbons, VOCs, PAHs, and C₁₀C₅₀ were positively correlated to cyp1a expression. Total hydrocarbon, VOC, and C₁₀C₅₀ concentrations were also negatively correlated to larval growth. This study supports that petroleum hydrocarbons are toxic to early developmental stages of rainbow trout and show that their degree and spectrum of toxicity depends on their chemical composition.

石油碳氢化合物被广泛使用和运输，增加了泄漏到环境中的风险。虽然常规油是最常生产的，但非常规油（即稀释沥青或稀释沥青）的产量正在增加。在这项研究中，我们比较了传统油（阿拉伯光油和劳埃德明斯特油）和双鱼尾油（Bluesky 和 ​​Clearwater）对鲑鱼早期生命阶段的影响。为此，使用山泉水提取这些油的含水部分（WAF：水容纳部分）。虹鳟鱼(Oncorhynchus mykiss)从孵化（340 DD；度日）到卵黄囊吸收（541 DD），幼虫暴露于这些 WAF 的 10% 和 50% 稀释液。暴露于 WAFs 会增加骨骼畸形（包括双腿）和出血（包括常规油和 Bluesky）并减少头部生长（阿拉伯之光）。此外，测量了所有油的 EROD 活性和 DNA 损伤的增加，测量了阿拉伯光、蓝天和清水的cyp1a基因表达的增加。PAH 和 C ₁₀ C ₅₀浓度与总幼虫 EROD 活性呈正相关，而总烃、VOC、PAHs 和 C ₁₀ C _{50 的}浓度与cyp1a呈正相关表达。总烃、VOC 和 C ₁₀ C ₅₀浓度也与幼虫生长呈负相关。这项研究支持石油烃对虹鳟鱼的早期发育阶段有毒，并表明它们的毒性程度和范围取决于它们的化学成分。