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Politics of Development in Pakistan: From the Post-Independence Modernization Project to ‘Vision 2025’
Journal of South Asian Development ( IF 0.464 ) Pub Date : 2021-08-09 , DOI: 10.1177/09731741211034018
Aliya Abbasi 1
Affiliation  

This article critically analyses Pakistan’s development project since its independence in 1947 up till Vision 2025 of 2014. Vision 2025 aspires to ‘inclusive growth’ through the expansion of the market as the basis for a ‘people-centric’ approach to development. Based on a critical evaluation of Pakistan’s development trajectory, I argue that a reliance on economic growth via liberal capitalism to address poverty has failed in Pakistan. Post-independence aspirations of decent livelihoods became disrupted by the development project, which evolved through Cold War politics. Premised upon the privileging of liberal capitalism, this modernization project was executed by authoritarian regimes that initiated new processes of dispossession and accentuated existent inequalities. Moreover, a critical analysis of Pakistan’s development crises must consider how poverty intersects with social inequality justified through zat or caste to reproduce entrenched positions of privilege and disadvantage. Mainstream Pakistani society comprises an efficacious trope of inequality normalized through the ‘othering’ of poor families, resistance to which is misrepresented as a lack of character and industry. Impoverished communities bear disproportionate costs of development, which compel them to find shelter in segregated communities in slums and earn a living as servants, vendors and through begging, including children on the streets. In the wake of neo-liberal policy reforms, the Benazir Income Support Programme provides temporary monetary relief to some but leaves intact the underlying causes of worsening inequality. A critical discussion of Pakistan’s development trajectory challenges the ideological premises of Vision 2025 and its promise of universal wellbeing.



中文翻译:

巴基斯坦的发展政治:从独立后的现代化项目到“愿景 2025”

本文批判性地分析了巴基斯坦自 1947 年独立以来到 2014 年愿景 2025 的发展项目。愿景 2025 渴望通过扩大市场来实现“包容性增长”,以此作为“以人为中心”的发展方式的基础。基于对巴基斯坦发展轨迹的批判性评估,我认为依靠自由资本主义的经济增长来解决贫困问题在巴基斯坦已经失败。独立后对体面生计的渴望被冷战政治演变而来的发展项目打乱。以自由资本主义的特权为前提,这个现代化项目是由独裁政权执行的,这些政权发起了新的剥夺过程并加剧了现有的不平等。而且,扎特或种姓来复制根深蒂固的特权和劣势地位。巴基斯坦的主流社会包含一个有效的不平等比喻,通过贫困家庭的“异化”而正常化,对这种抵制被误解为缺乏个性和勤奋。贫困社区承担着不成比例的发展成本,这迫使他们在贫民窟的隔离社区中寻找住所,并以仆人、小贩和乞讨(包括流浪儿童)谋生。在新自由主义政策改革之后,贝娜齐尔收入支持计划为一些人提供了暂时的货币救济,但仍保留了不平等加剧的根本原因。对巴基斯坦发展轨迹的批判性讨论挑战了“愿景 2025”的意识形态前提及其对普遍福祉的承诺。

更新日期:2021-08-10
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