Despite advances in cancer medicine and research, invasive and potentially risky procedures such as biopsies, venous blood tests, imaging, colonoscopy, and pap smear tests are still primarily used for screening, staging, and assessing response to therapy. The development and interdisciplinary use of biomarkers from urine, feces, saliva, scent, and capillary blood collected with minimally invasive methods represents a potential opportunity for integration with biomarker analysis for cancers, both in clinical practice (e.g., in screening, treatment, and disease monitoring, and improved quality of life for patients) and population-based research (e.g., in epidemiology/public health, studies of social and environmental determinants, and evolutionary medicine). In this article, we review the scientific rationale, benefits, challenges, and potential opportunities for measuring cancer-related biomarkers in samples collected through minimally invasive methods.

中文翻译：

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生物标志物在通过微创方法收集的样本中的当前和未来应用，用于癌症医学和基于人群的研究

尽管癌症医学和研究取得了进步，但活检、静脉血液检查、成像、结肠镜检查和子宫颈抹片检查等侵入性和潜在风险程序仍主要用于筛查、分期和评估对治疗的反应。通过微创方法从尿液、粪便、唾液、气味和毛细血管血液中收集生物标志物的开发和跨学科使用代表了与癌症生物标志物分析相结合的潜在机会，无论是在临床实践中（例如，在筛查、治疗和疾病治疗中）监测和改善患者的生活质量）和基于人群的研究（例如，流行病学/公共卫生、社会和环境决定因素研究以及进化医学）。在这篇文章中，我们回顾了科学原理、好处、挑战、