Application of manure and compost can result in the accumulation of veterinary antibiotics in soil, subsequently posing ecological risks. The occurrence and potential ecological risk assessment of nine antibiotics (4 tetracyclines, 3 sulfonamides, and 2 macrolides) residues in soil, manure, and compost samples collected from Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia are reported in this study. A total of 36 samples (20 soil, 8 manure, and 8 compost) were collected and their physiochemical characteristics were analyzed. Large variabilities were observed in organic matter, pH, electrical conductivity, and nutrient status. In the soil samples obtained, three textural groups were identified: sandy loam, loamy sand, and loam. Overall, the mean concentrations of all detected antibiotics measured were lower (<50 μg kg⁻¹) in all matrices (soil, manure, and compost). However, the mean concentrations of tetracycline (TC), doxycycline (DC), oxytetracycline (OT), and sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) were 97.96, 183.29, 101.24, and 69.58 μg kg⁻¹, respectively, in manure samples, and 49.59, 93.26, 74.21, and 18.32 μg kg⁻¹, respectively, in compost samples. The concentrations of antibiotics were highest in manure samples, then compost, and finally soil. The calculated risk quotient (RQ) values for the majority of the studied antibiotics were <0.1, indicating no to low adverse ecological effects. However, the higher RQ values for OT and DC suggested possible adverse ecological effects of these compounds in soil.

粪肥和堆肥的施用会导致兽用抗生素在土壤中积累，从而带来生态风险。本研究报告了从沙特阿拉伯 Al-Kharj 收集的土壤、粪便和堆肥样品中 9 种抗生素（4 种四环素、3 种磺胺类和 2 种大环内酯类）残留的发生情况和潜在生态风险评估。共收集了 36 个样品（20 个土壤、8 个粪便和 8 个堆肥）并分析了它们的理化特性。在有机质、pH、电导率和营养状况方面观察到了很大的变化。在获得的土壤样品中，确定了三个质地组：砂壤土、壤土和壤土。总体而言，所有检测到的抗生素的平均浓度较低（<50 μg kg ^-1) 在所有基质（土壤、肥料和堆肥）中。然而，粪便样品中四环素 (TC)、强力霉素 (DC)、土霉素 (OT) 和磺胺甲恶唑 (SMZ) 的平均浓度分别为 97.96、183.29、101.24和 69.58 μg kg ^-1，以及 43.526、9在堆肥样品中分别为、74.21 和 18.32 μg kg ^-1。粪便样品中抗生素的浓度最高，然后是堆肥，最后是土壤。大多数研究的抗生素的计算风险商 (RQ) 值小于 0.1，表明没有或很低的不利生态影响。然而，OT 和 DC 的较高 RQ 值表明这些化合物可能对土壤产生不利的生态影响。