The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Office of National Marine Sanctuaries manages a system of marine protected areas encompassing more than 2,000,000 km². U.S. National Marine Sanctuaries (NMS) have been designated to provide protection for their conservation, recreational, ecological, historical, scientific, cultural, archaeological, educational, or aesthetic qualities. Due to the large variability of attributes among NMS, designing coordinated system-wide monitoring to support diverse resource protection goals can be challenging. Underwater sound monitoring is seeing increasing application to marine protected area management because it is able to support this wide variety of information needs. Passive acoustics are providing invaluable autonomous information regarding habitat associations, identifying species spatial and temporal use, and highlighting patterns in conditions that are otherwise difficult to survey. Using standardized equipment and analysis methods this study collected ambient underwater sound data and derived measurements to investigate temporal changes in sound pressure levels and power spectral density, identify presence of select species of importance and support within and among site comparison of ambient underwater sound among eight sites within four U.S. NMS. Broadband sound pressure levels of ambient sound (10–24,000 Hz) varied as much as 24 dB re 1 µPa (max difference 100–124 dB re 1 µPa) among the recording sites, sanctuaries, and seasons. Biotic signals, such as snapping shrimp snaps and vocalizations of fishes, exhibited distinct diel and seasonal patterns and showed variation among sites. Presence of anthropogenic signals, such as vessel passage, also varied substantially among sites, ranging from on average 1.6–21.8 h/d. The study identified measurements that effectively summarized baseline soundscape attributes and prioritized future opportunities for integrating non-acoustic and acoustic variables in order to inform area-specific management questions within four ecologically varying U.S. National Marine Sanctuaries.

中文翻译：

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监测具有重要生态意义的美国国家海洋保护区内的空间和时间音景特征

美国国家海洋和大气管理局的国家海洋保护区办公室管理着一个海洋保护区系统，涵盖面积超过 2,000,000 平方公里². 美国国家海洋保护区 (NMS) 已被指定为其保护、娱乐、生态、历史、科学、文化、考古、教育或美学品质提供保护。由于 NMS 之间的属性差异很大，因此设计协调的全系统监控以支持不同的资源保护目标可能具有挑战性。水下声音监测正越来越多地应用于海洋保护区管理，因为它能够支持各种各样的信息需求。无源声学正在提供有关栖息地关联的宝贵自主信息，识别物种的空间和时间使用，并突出在其他情况下难以调查的条件下的模式。本研究使用标准化设备和分析方法收集环境水下声音数据并得出测量结果，以调查声压级和功率谱密度的时间变化，确定选定的重要物种的存在，并在场地内和场地之间提供支持 比较八个场地之间的环境水下声音在四个美国 NMS 内。环境声的宽带声压级 (10–24,000 Hz) 在录音地点、保护区和季节之间变化高达 24 dB re 1 µPa（最大差异 100–124 dB re 1 µPa）。生物信号，例如捕捉虾的声响和鱼类的叫声，表现出不同的昼夜和季节性模式，并显示出不同地点的变化。人为信号的存在，例如船只通过，在不同地点之间也存在很大差异，平均范围为 1.6-21.8 小时/天。