Excessive hemorrhage is a leading cause of death to trauma patients, especially in combat and civilian accidents. The main priority in the medical treatment of trauma patients is to reduce excessive blood loss by applying an appropriate hemostat. However, some issues concerning biological safety, hemostatic efficacy, and the high cost of commercial products limit their adequate applications. Thus, the hemostats that are easily portable and effectively applied at the injury site must be used in military and critical care situations. The development of hemostatic products from polysaccharides for their promising application in wound healing is of immense academic and biomedical interest. This comprehensive review presents the most significant advancements in polysaccharide-based hemostats in the decade regarding their hemostatic mechanisms, the advantages and limitations, and the factors influencing the efficacy. The primary focus is on the progress in naturally derived polysaccharides such as cellulose, chitosan, starch, alginate, dextran, and hyaluronic acid and their derivatives for its hemostasis in wound healing. Future trends towards developing the polysaccharide-based hemostats and novel fabrication techniques such as electrospinning and 3D printing have been proposed with the challenges and promising opportunities in the wound healing hemostasis research. This review may serve as a guideline for future work to develop a hemostat with the rapid and efficient treatment of severe hemorrhage.

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中文翻译：

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基于多糖的止血剂：最新发展、挑战和未来展望

过度出血是创伤患者死亡的主要原因，尤其是在战斗和平民事故中。外伤患者医疗救治的首要任务是通过使用合适的止血钳来减少失血过多。然而，生物安全性、止血功效和商品成本高的一些问题限制了它们的充分应用。因此，必须在军事和重症监护情况下使用易于携带且有效应用于受伤部位的止血剂。开发多糖止血产品在伤口愈合中的应用前景具有巨大的学术和生物医学意义。这篇综合综述介绍了十年来基于多糖的止血剂在止血机制方面的最重要进展，优点和局限性，以及影响疗效的因素。主要关注天然来源的多糖，如纤维素、壳聚糖、淀粉、海藻酸盐、葡聚糖和透明质酸及其衍生物在伤口愈合中止血的进展。已经提出了开发基于多糖的止血剂和新型制造技术（如静电纺丝和 3D 打印）的未来趋势，以及伤口愈合止血研究中的挑战和机遇。本综述可作为未来工作的指南，以开发一种能够快速有效治疗严重出血的止血器。葡聚糖和透明质酸及其衍生物在伤口愈合中的止血作用。已经提出了开发基于多糖的止血剂和新型制造技术（如静电纺丝和 3D 打印）的未来趋势，以及伤口愈合止血研究中的挑战和机遇。本综述可作为未来工作的指南，以开发一种能够快速有效治疗严重出血的止血器。葡聚糖和透明质酸及其衍生物在伤口愈合中的止血作用。已经提出了开发基于多糖的止血剂和新型制造技术（如静电纺丝和 3D 打印）的未来趋势，以及伤口愈合止血研究中的挑战和机遇。本综述可作为未来工作的指南，以开发一种能够快速有效治疗严重出血的止血器。

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