There are debates and concerns about the destination and possible contamination that engineered nanoparticles (NPs) can cause when they are deposited in water, air, or soil. Therefore, many studies have been carried under laboratory and greenhouse conditions to know the effect of NPs on soil macroinvertebrates. In the present study, under natural conditions, the effects of Fe- and Ti-NPs (0, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 mg kg⁻¹ dry soil) on the behavior of autochthonous endogeic earthworms, the concentration of NPs in their bodies, and on the forest soil properties were studied for 60 days. Earthworms exhibited an avoidance behavior at a concentration of 1000 mg Fe-NPs kg⁻¹ dry soil and presented lower amounts of Fe-NPs in their bodies. In contrast, in low concentrations of Fe-NPs, high amounts of Fe were found in the earthworms. Earthworms exposed to Ti-NPs avoided the consumption of NPs in all treatments evaluated. FE-SEM micrographs revealed that although earthworms had high amounts of NPs attached to their bodies, their consumption was lower. Even it was observed that the concentration of Fe in the organisms is backward proportional to the high concentrations of Fe-NPs in the soil. In contrast, the concentrations of Ti in the organisms remain constant with a limit consumption until 60 days. Autochthonous endogeic earthworms have an early sensory response independent of the type and concentration of NPs, followed by an avoidance behavior, deposition in their external tissue, and accumulation in their tissue thought of the time.

Graphic abstract

中文翻译：

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一项关于暴露于天然森林土壤中铁和钛工程纳米颗粒的内源性蚯蚓行为的田间试验

对于工程纳米粒子 (NP) 沉积在水、空气或土壤中时可能造成的目的地和可能的污染，存在争议和担忧。因此，在实验室和温室条件下进行了许多研究，以了解 NPs 对土壤大型无脊椎动物的影响。在本研究中，在自然条件下，Fe-和 Ti-NPs（0、1、10、100和 1000 mg kg ^-1干燥土壤）对本土内生蚯蚓行为的影响，它们中 NPs 的浓度。体，并对森林土壤特性进行了 60 天的研究。蚯蚓在 1000 mg Fe-NPs kg ^-1的浓度下表现出回避行为干燥的土壤，它们体内的 Fe-NPs 含量较低。相比之下，在低浓度的 Fe-NPs 中，蚯蚓中发现了大量的 Fe。暴露于 Ti-NPs 的蚯蚓在所有评估的处理中都避免了 NPs 的消耗。FE-SEM 显微照片显示，虽然蚯蚓的身体上附着了大量的纳米颗粒，但它们的消耗量较低。甚至观察到生物体中 Fe 的浓度与土壤中 Fe-NPs 的高浓度成反比。相比之下，生物体中 Ti 的浓度保持恒定，限制消耗直到 60 天。本土内生蚯蚓具有独立于 NPs 类型和浓度的早期感觉反应，随后是回避行为，沉积在其外部组织中，

图形摘要