Shy/inhibited young children are at risk for internalising difficulties; however, for many, this temperamental style does not result in mental health problems. This study followed a population-based sample of temperamentally inhibited preschool children into mid childhood to explore the aetiology of clinical-level anxious and depressive problems. Amongst inhibited preschool children, we aimed to predict each of clinical child anxiety and depressive problems in mid childhood from a broad range of potential risks (demographics, traumatic events and broader recent stressors, parents’ well-being, and parenting practices). This study is based on data from a wider population trial of Cool Little Kids that recruited a representative sample of inhibited preschool children enrolled in their year before starting school. In 2011–2012, an inhibition screen was universally distributed to parents of children in their year before school (age 4 years) across eight diverse government areas in Melbourne, Australia. Participants were 545 parents of inhibited preschoolers (78% uptake, 545/703) who were followed to mid childhood (three annual waves 2015–2017, age 7–10 years) with 84% retention (456/545). Parents completed questionnaires spanning child ages 4–10 years, along with diagnostic interviews for child anxiety. Children also completed questionnaires in mid childhood. The questionnaires encompassed a variety of potential risks including sociodemographics, traumatic events, recent life stressors, parent wellbeing and parenting practices. In mid childhood, 57% (246/430) of inhibited preschoolers had a clinical level of anxiety problems while 22% (95/432) had depressive problems (by one or more sources). The aetiology analyses highlighted parent distress and parenting practices (overinvolved/protective, harsh discipline) as key predictors of inhibited preschoolers’ internalising problems by mid childhood. Some high-risk families may not have participated. Child depression was not assessed with a diagnostic interview. The measures did not include every possible risk factor. The findings lend support to parenting programs for shy/inhibited young children that aim to prevent the development of anxiety and depression as they grow.

害羞/内向的幼儿有内化困难的风险；然而，对于许多人来说，这种喜怒无常的风格不会导致心理健康问题。这项研究跟踪了一个基于人群的气质抑制学龄前儿童样本到童年中期，以探讨临床水平焦虑和抑郁问题的病因。在受抑制的学龄前儿童中，我们的目标是根据广泛的潜在风险（人口统计学、创伤事件和更广泛的近期压力源、父母的幸福感和养育方式）来预测儿童中期的每个临床儿童焦虑和抑郁问题。这项研究基于更广泛的 Cool Little Kids 人群试验的数据，该试验招募了入学前一年入学的抑制学龄前儿童的代表性样本。2011-2012 年，在澳大利亚墨尔本的八个不同政府区域，向学前一年（4 岁）儿童的父母普遍分发了抑制屏幕。参与者是 545 名抑制学龄前儿童的父母（78% 接受，545/703），他们被随访到童年中期（2015-2017 年三次年度浪潮，7-10 岁），保留率为 84% (456/545)。父母完成了 4-10 岁儿童的问卷调查，以及儿童焦虑症的诊断访谈。儿童也在童年中期完成问卷调查。调查问卷包含各种潜在风险，包括社会人口统计学、创伤事件、近期生活压力源、父母幸福感和养育方式。在童年中期，57% (246/430) 受抑制的学龄前儿童有临床水平的焦虑问题，而 22% (95/432) 有抑郁问题（来自一个或多个来源）。病因学分析强调了父母的痛苦和养育方式（过度介入/保护、严厉的管教）是受抑制的学龄前儿童在童年中期内化问题的关键预测因素。一些高危家庭可能没有参加。儿童抑郁症未通过诊断访谈进行评估。这些措施并未包括所有可能的风险因素。这些发现为害羞/内向的幼儿的育儿计划提供了支持，这些计划旨在防止他们在成长过程中出现焦虑和抑郁。严厉的纪律）作为受抑制的学龄前儿童在童年中期内化问题的关键预测因素。一些高危家庭可能没有参加。儿童抑郁症未通过诊断访谈进行评估。这些措施并未包括所有可能的风险因素。这些发现为害羞/内向的幼儿的育儿计划提供了支持，这些计划旨在防止他们在成长过程中出现焦虑和抑郁。严厉的纪律）作为受抑制的学龄前儿童在童年中期内化问题的关键预测因素。一些高危家庭可能没有参加。儿童抑郁症未通过诊断访谈进行评估。这些措施并未包括所有可能的风险因素。这些发现为害羞/内向的幼儿的育儿计划提供了支持，这些计划旨在防止他们在成长过程中出现焦虑和抑郁。