Individuals who espouse an egalitarian gender ideology as well as economically independent women benefit from a more egalitarian division of housework. Although these two individual-level characteristics affect the gender division of housework, each suggests a different mechanism; the former is anchored within an economic logic and the latter within a cultural one. Using data of 25 countries from the 2002 and 2012 “Family and Changing Gender Roles” modules of the International Social Survey Program, we examine whether a country’s mean gender ideology and women’s labor force participation (WLFP) rate have a distinct contextual effect beyond these individual-level effects. We predict that the division of housework between married or cohabitating partners will be more egalitarian in countries with higher WLFP rates and in countries with more egalitarian attitudes, even after controlling for the two variables at the individual level. Given the cross-country convergence in WLFP, but not in gender ideology, we expect the effect of WLFP to decline over time and the effect of gender ideology to remain salient. Indeed, our multi-level analysis indicates that the net effect of WLFP, which was evident in 2002, had disappeared by 2012. By contrast, the net contextual effect of gender ideology, which was not significant in 2002, had become an important determinant of housework division by 2012. We conclude that further changes will depend on a country’s prevalent gender ideology because the equalizing effect of WLFP on the division of housework may have reached its limit.

支持平等性别意识形态的个人以及经济独立的女性受益于更加平等的家务分工。虽然这两个个体层面的特征影响家务劳动的性别分工，但各自暗示了不同的机制；前者植根于经济逻辑，后者植根于文化逻辑。使用来自国际社会调查计划的 2002 年和 2012 年“家庭和不断变化的性别角色”模块的 25 个国家的数据，我们检查了一个国家的平均性别意识形态和女性劳动力参与率 (WLFP) -级效果。我们预测，即使在个人层面控制了这两个变量之后，已婚或同居伴侣之间的家务分工在 WLFP 率较高的国家和具有更平等态度的国家中也会更加平等。鉴于 WLFP 的跨国趋同，而不是性别意识形态，我们预计 WLFP 的影响会随着时间的推移而下降，而性别意识形态的影响将保持突出。事实上，我们的多层次分析表明，在 2002 年明显的 WLFP 的净效应到 2012 年已经消失。相比之下，性别意识形态的净背景效应在 2002 年并不显着，已经成为一个重要的决定因素。 2012年前的家务分工。