Individuals often face unpredictable and harsh environments, presenting them with novel ecological problems. Behaviour can provide an adaptive response in such conditions and where these conditions vary between populations, we may predict development and evolution to shape differences in behaviour such as exploration, innovation, and learning, as well as other traits. Here, we compared in the wild the maze swimming performance of groups of female guppies from two Trinidadian populations that differ in numerous ecological characteristics, the Upper and Lower Aripo river. Compared to Upper Aripo fish, Lower Aripo fish were slower to complete the maze, our measure of propensity to innovate, and scored lower on a combined measure of activity and exploration. More active-exploratory groups were faster to complete the maze, but only in the Lower Aripo. We found no evidence for learning the maze. Our results suggest that activity-exploratory and innovative propensities can vary between populations, as can predictors of innovation. These findings are consistent with high predation risk shaping decreased activity-exploratory propensities, but further population comparisons are required to reliably determine the drivers of the observed population difference. Our results emphasize that individual and population differences in activity-exploration and innovation can be shaped by numerous factors.

个人经常面临不可预测和恶劣的环境，给他们带来新的生态问题。行为可以在这种情况下提供适应性反应，并且在这些条件因种群而异的情况下，我们可以预测发展和进化，以塑造行为的差异，例如探索、创新和学习，以及其他特征。在这里，我们在野外比较了来自两个特立尼达种群的雌性孔雀鱼的迷宫游泳性能，这些种群在许多生态特征上存在差异，即上阿里波河和下阿里波河。与Upper Aripo 鱼相比，Lower Aripo 鱼完成迷宫（我们衡量创新倾向的指标）的速度较慢，在活动和探索的综合衡量指标上得分较低。更积极的探索小组完成迷宫的速度更快，但仅限于下阿里波。我们没有发现学习迷宫的证据。我们的结果表明，活动探索和创新倾向可能因人群而异，创新的预测因素也是如此。这些发现与导致活动探索倾向降低的高捕食风险一致，但需要进一步的种群比较才能可靠地确定观察到的种群差异的驱动因素。我们的研究结果强调，活动探索和创新中的个体和群体差异可能受多种因素影响。但是需要进一步的人口比较才能可靠地确定观察到的人口差异的驱动因素。我们的研究结果强调，活动探索和创新中的个体和群体差异可能受多种因素影响。但是需要进一步的人口比较才能可靠地确定观察到的人口差异的驱动因素。我们的研究结果强调，活动探索和创新中的个体和群体差异可能受多种因素影响。