In the months of November 2012, 2014 and 2018, four tornadic events affected southern Italy (Calabria and Apulia regions). Tornado-spawning supercells hit the same regions, had similar trajectories, and were characterized by common synoptic conditions.

The events are analysed through the use of multiple observational tools; large-scale and mesoscale analysis are performed, in addition to high-resolution numerical simulations and sensitivity tests with the WRF model. In particular, the effect of changes in Sea Surface Temperature on the intensity and tracking of tornadic supercells in the Mediterranean is investigated, finding that small variations of SST may cause significant changes on instability parameters, consequently on the supercell intensity.

Numerical simulations show that the structure and the track of the convective cells can be correctly reproduced, as well as the triggering of convection due to interaction of the flow with the topographic features, such as the land-sea interface and orography, within a relatively small temporal delay. The mesoscale analysis also reveals, in all cases, an environment highly favourable for tornado formation, with most simulated instability parameters/indices exceeding their critical thresholds.

在 2012 年 11 月、2014 年和 2018 年的几个月里，四次龙卷风事件影响了意大利南部（卡拉布里亚和普利亚地区）。产生龙卷风的超级单体撞击相同的区域，具有相似的轨迹，并且具有共同的天气条件。

通过使用多种观察工具对事件进行分析；除了使用 WRF 模型进行高分辨率数值模拟和敏感性测试外，还进行了大规模和中尺度分析。特别是，研究了海面温度变化对地中海龙卷风超级单体强度和跟踪的影响，发现 SST 的微小变化可能会导致不稳定性参数发生显着变化，从而导致超级单体强度发生显着变化。

数值模拟表明，可以正确再现对流单元的结构和轨迹，以及由于流动与陆海界面和地形等地形特征相互作用而在相对较小的范围内触发对流。时间延迟。中尺度分析还显示，在所有情况下，都非常有利于龙卷风形成的环境，大多数模拟的不稳定参数/指数都超过了其临界阈值。