Ecosystems support the adaptation of societies to global changes through their contributions to people's quality of life. Ecosystem-based adaptation (EBA) implementation remains a challenge and will require changes of practices, structures and processes underpinning human and nature interactions, also considered as co-production of nature’s contributions to adaptation (NCA). We analysed the levers required to implement EBA to reach a future desired by stakeholders of a mountain social-ecological system in the French Alps. Using a participatory backcasting scenario approach and a serious game, local stakeholders were invited to design a desired vision for their region in 2040 and reflect on strategies and levers for reaching it. We analysed co-production actions required to achieve adaptation objectives aligned with the vision. We then assessed how local communities can leverage these actions to navigate a desired adaptation pathway. EBA and landscape multifunctionality are critical to achieve stakeholders’ vision. EBA require substantial adjustments, transformations, or new co-production actions, but natural capital was not a limiting factor for adaptation. Synergies among multiple co-production actions create windows of opportunity for local communities to achieve their vision through the combination of social levers. However, most powerful levers, like collaborative decision-making or common strategy design, appeared the most difficult to activate. EBA is mainly constrained here by social barriers reflecting the lack of collaboration and communication among stakeholders. Recognizing potential contributions of ecosystems to adaptation by maintaining and developing NCA supply can help communities to re-structure and re-think their local social-ecological system to achieve desired and sustainable pathways.

生态系统通过对人们生活质量的贡献来支持社会适应全球变化。基于生态系统的适应 (EBA) 实施仍然是一个挑战，需要改变支撑人类与自然相互作用的实践、结构和过程，也被视为自然对适应 (NCA) 贡献的共同产物。我们分析了实施 EBA 所需的杠杆，以实现法国阿尔卑斯山山区社会生态系统的利益相关者所期望的未来。使用参与式回溯情景方法和严肃的游戏，当地利益相关者被邀请为他们所在地区的 2040 年设计一个理想的愿景，并思考实现它的战略和杠杆。我们分析了实现与愿景一致的适应目标所需的联合制作行动。然后，我们评估了当地社区如何利用这些行动来导航所需的适应途径。EBA 和景观多功能性对于实现利益相关者的愿景至关重要。EBA 需要大量调整、转型或新的联合生产行动，但自然资本并不是适应的限制因素。多个联合生产行动之间的协同作用为当地社区创造了机会之窗，通过社会杠杆的组合实现他们的愿景。然而，最强大的杠杆，如协作决策或共同战略设计，似乎最难激活。EBA 在这里主要受到反映利益相关者之间缺乏协作和沟通的社会障碍的限制。