Microglial activation during critical phases of brain development can result in short- and long-term consequences for neurological and psychiatric health. Several studies in humans and rodents have shown that microglial activation, leading to a transition from the homeostatic state toward a proinflammatory phenotype, has adverse effects on the developing brain and neurodevelopmental disorders. Targeting proinflammatory microglia may be an effective strategy for protecting the brain and attenuating neurodevelopmental disorders induced by inflammation. In this review we focus on the role of inflammation and the activation of immature microglia (pre-microglia) soon after birth in prematurity-associated neurodevelopmental disorders, and the specific features of pre-microglia during development. We also highlight the relevance of immunomodulatory strategies for regulating activated microglia in a rodent model of perinatal brain injury. An original neuroprotective approach involving a nanoparticle-based therapy and targeting microglia, with the aim of improving myelination and protecting the developing brain, is also addressed.

中文翻译：

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针对小胶质细胞障碍保护大脑免受与早产相关的神经发育障碍

在大脑发育的关键阶段激活小胶质细胞会对神经和精神健康造成短期和长期后果。对人类和啮齿动物的几项研究表明，小胶质细胞激活导致从稳态向促炎表型转变，对发育中的大脑和神经发育障碍有不利影响。靶向促炎小胶质细胞可能是保护大脑和减轻炎症引起的神经发育障碍的有效策略。在这篇综述中，我们关注炎症的作用和出生后不久的未成熟小胶质细胞（前小胶质细胞）在早产相关神经发育障碍中的激活，以及前小胶质细胞在发育过程中的具体特征。我们还强调了免疫调节策略在围产期脑损伤啮齿动物模型中调节活化小胶质细胞的相关性。还讨论了一种原始的神经保护方法，涉及基于纳米颗粒的治疗和靶向小胶质细胞，旨在改善髓鞘形成和保护发育中的大脑。