ABSTRACT

New materials and technologies offer the means to develop novel electrical heating systems with improved durability against crystallization fouling. In this study, an analysis of both conventional and novel heating elements under the influence of crystallization fouling is presented. The novel heating elements are based on two different coating technologies, namely, thermal spraying and thin film sputtering. The novel heating elements reach heat fluxes exceeding 15 W/cm² and an electrical power of approximately 1000 W. All presented heating elements operate under clean surface conditions for approximately 1000 h without any difficulties. Different properties of the presented heating elements result in different types of fouling behavior. The duration tests also demonstrate different fouling durability, which results in different lifetimes. Furthermore, it is shown that the electrical resistance of the heating conductor is adversely affected by the fouling. A comparison shows that all novel electric heating elements exhibit longer lifetimes than tubular heating elements.

摘要

新材料和技术提供了开发新型电加热系统的方法，该系统具有更高的抗结晶结垢耐久性。在这项研究中，对受结晶结垢影响的传统和新型加热元件进行了分析。新型加热元件基于两种不同的涂层技术，即热喷涂和薄膜溅射。新型加热元件达到超过 15 W/cm ^{2 的}热通量和大约 1000 W 的电功率。所有介绍的加热元件在清洁的表面条件下运行大约 1000 小时没有任何困难。所呈现的加热元件的不同特性导致不同类型的结垢行为。持续时间测试还证明了不同的污垢耐久性，这会导致不同的寿命。此外，表明加热导体的电阻受到污垢的不利影响。比较表明，所有新型电加热元件都比管状加热元件具有更长的使用寿命。