Parkinson’s disease (PD) ranks first in the world as a neurodegenerative movement disorder and occurs most commonly in an idiopathic form. PD patients may have motor symptoms, non-motor symptoms, including cognitive and behavioral changes, and symptoms related to autonomic nervous system (ANS) failures, such as gastrointestinal, urinary, and cardiovascular symptoms. Unfortunately, the diagnostic accuracy of PD by general neurologists is relatively low. Currently, there is no objective molecular or biochemical test for PD; its diagnosis is based on clinical criteria, mainly by cardinal motor symptoms, which manifest when patients have lost about 60–80% of dopaminergic neurons. Therefore, it is urgent to establish a panel of biomarkers for the early and accurate diagnosis of PD. Once the disease is accurately diagnosed, it may be easier to unravel idiopathic PD’s pathogenesis, and ultimately, finding a cure. This review discusses several biomarkers’ potential to set a panel for early idiopathic PD diagnosis and future directions.

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中文翻译：

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寻找早期特发性帕金森病诊断的多种生物标志物

帕金森病 (PD) 作为一种神经退行性运动障碍在世界上排名第一，并且最常以特发性形式发生。PD 患者可能有运动症状、非运动症状，包括认知和行为改变，以及与自主神经系统 (ANS) 衰竭相关的症状，例如胃肠道、泌尿道和心血管症状。不幸的是，普通神经科医生对PD的诊断准确性相对较低。目前，PD没有客观的分子或生化检测；其诊断基于临床标准，主要通过主要运动症状，当患者失去约 60-80% 的多巴胺能神经元时表现出来。因此，迫切需要建立一套用于早期准确诊断PD的生物标志物。一旦准确诊断出疾病，可能更容易解开特发性 PD 的发病机制，并最终找到治愈方法。这篇综述讨论了几种生物标志物在为早期特发性 PD 诊断和未来方向设定面板的潜力。

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