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Carbon pricing of basic materials: Incentives and risks for the value chain and consumers
Ecological Economics ( IF 7 ) Pub Date : 2021-08-04 , DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107168
Jan Stede 1 , Stefan Pauliuk 2 , Gilang Hardadi 2 , Karsten Neuhoff 3
Affiliation  

Different options for a reform of the EU Emissions Trading System are discussed to ensure carbon price incentives for mitigation options in the basic materials sector, while minimizing carbon leakage risks. This paper quantifies carbon leakage risks, distributional implications, and additional revenues associated with an import-only border carbon adjustment (BCA), a symmetric (import and export) BCA, and an excise for embodied emissions at a fixed benchmark level in combination with continued free allocation. We estimate the product-level carbon intensities for 4400 commodity groups, compute maximal implied price changes due to full carbon pricing, and calculate cost increases relative to gross value added to assess the scale of carbon leakage risks. We show, first, that around 10% of EU exports and 5% of all domestic manufacturing sales meet the criteria for carbon leakage risk under an incomplete BCA at a carbon price of 30 EUR/t. Second, the distributional implications of consistent carbon pricing of basic materials are small and progressive. Finally, an excise could generate revenues of around 20 billion euros that may be used towards climate action. Our results on potential carbon leakage risks and their mitigation can inform responsible policy making to shape the EU pathway towards climate neutrality.



中文翻译:

基础材料的碳定价:对价值链和消费者的激励和风险

讨论了欧盟排放交易体系改革的不同选择,以确保基础材料部门的减排选择的碳价格激励,同时最大限度地减少碳泄漏风险。本文量化了与仅进口边境碳调整 (BCA)、对称(进口和出口)BCA 和固定基准水平的隐含排放消费税相关的碳泄漏风险、分配影响和额外收入,并结合持续免费分配。我们估算了 4400 个商品组的产品级碳强度,计算了完全碳定价导致的最大隐含价格变化,并计算了相对于总增加值的成本增加,以评估碳泄漏风险的规模。我们首先展示,约 10% 的欧盟出口和 5% 的国内制造业销售符合不完整 BCA 下碳泄漏风险的标准,碳价格为 30 欧元/吨。其次,基本材料的一致碳定价的分布影响是小的和渐进的。最后,消费税可产生约 200 亿欧元的收入,可用于气候行动。我们关于潜在碳泄漏风险及其缓解的结果可以为负责任的政策制定提供信息,以塑造欧盟实现气候中和的道路。消费税可产生约 200 亿欧元的收入,可用于气候行动。我们关于潜在碳泄漏风险及其缓解的结果可以为负责任的政策制定提供信息,以塑造欧盟实现气候中和的道路。消费税可产生约 200 亿欧元的收入,可用于气候行动。我们关于潜在碳泄漏风险及其缓解的结果可以为负责任的政策制定提供信息,以塑造欧盟实现气候中和的道路。

更新日期:2021-08-05
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