Biological invasions are one of the major drivers of global environmental change and there is a need to develop integrated strategies to counteract this phenomenon. Eradication is an effective management option to mitigate the deleterious impacts of invasive alien species (IAS). Eradication can be achieved if all reproductive individuals are removed and population recovery is prevented. However, individuals may survive removal operations in private areas if interventions are not allowed. Here, we present 1) three case studies in which restricted private property access prevented the local eradication of invasive alien populations, and 2) a list of reasons for denying access to private properties and a list of actions implemented or suggested by managers to facilitate access and reported in 29 reviewed papers. The restricted access affected the local eradication of three Eastern grey squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) populations in Italy. In Lombardy region, in one area a planned eradication did not start and in another area the implemented eradication failed due to the refusal from the owner of a large private property to grant access to managers. In Umbria region, the lack of collaboration from an Italian financial institution produced a delay of 15 months in the removal. In our case studies, therefore, a single person or institution denied access for a personal gain or presumed internal security. The reasons behind landowner opposition may be diverse and individual attitudes towards IAS management will depend on interactions with owners. According to our review, in many cases the denial of access takes place in a general perception of mistrust or opposition to the project as the results of a limited engagement of local people. Such opposition often jeopardizes control activities, with profound negative consequences on eradication, expecially at landscape scale. Bottom-up approaches aiming at involving stakeholders can increase the possibility to achieve IAS eradication, however appropriate legislation remains pivotal to enforce eradication in case of non-cooperative behaviour.

中文翻译：

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限制进入私人财产限制了外来入侵物种的管理：文献综述和案例研究。

生物入侵是全球环境变化的主要驱动因素之一，需要制定综合战略来抵消这种现象。根除是减轻外来入侵物种 (IAS) 有害影响的有效管理选项。如果移除所有可繁殖的个体并防止种群恢复，就可以实现根除。但是，如果不允许干预，个人可能会在私人区域的清除操作中幸存下来。在这里，我们提出了 1) 三个案例研究，其中限制私有财产进入阻止了在当地消灭入侵的外来人口，以及 2) 拒绝进入私有财产的原因清单以及管理者为促进进入而实施或建议的行动清单并在 29 篇评论论文中报告。限制进入影响了意大利三个东部灰松鼠（Sciurus carolinensis）种群的本地根除。在伦巴第大区，在一个地区没有开始计划的根除，而在另一个地区实施的根除因大型私有财产的所有者拒绝允许管理人员进入而失败。在翁布里亚地区，由于缺乏来自意大利金融机构的合作，搬迁延迟了 15 个月。因此，在我们的案例研究中，一个人或机构为了个人利益或假定的内部安全而拒绝访问。土地所有者反对的原因可能多种多样，个人对 IAS 管理的态度将取决于与所有者的互动。根据我们的审查，在许多情况下，拒绝进入是因为人们普遍认为对项目的不信任或反对是当地人参与有限的结果。这种反对常常危及控制活动，对根除产生深远的负面影响，尤其是在景观范围内。旨在让利益相关者参与的自下而上的方法可以增加实现根除 IAS 的可能性，但在不合作行为的情况下，适当的立法仍然是强制根除的关键。