Although there are large differences between horses and humans for reproductive anatomy, follicular dynamics, mono-ovulation, and embryo development kinetics until the blastocyst stage are similar. In contrast to humans, however, horses are seasonal animals and do not have a menstrual cycle. Moreover, horse implantation takes place 30 days later than in humans. In terms of artificial reproduction techniques (ART), oocytes are generally matured in vitro in horses because ovarian stimulation remains inefficient. This allows the collection of oocytes without hormonal treatments. In humans, in vivo matured oocytes are collected after ovarian stimulation. Subsequently, only intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) is performed in horses to produce embryos, whereas both in vitro fertilization and ICSI are applied in humans. Embryos are transferred only as blastocysts in horses. In contrast, four cells to blastocyst stage embryos are transferred in humans. Embryo and oocyte cryopreservation has been mastered in humans, but not completely in horses. Finally, both species share infertility concerns due to ageing and obesity. Thus, reciprocal knowledge could be gained through the comparative study of ART and infertility treatments both in woman and mare, even though the horse could not be used as a single model for human ART.

中文翻译：

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母马：人类辅助生殖技术的相关模型？

尽管马和人类在生殖解剖学、卵泡动力学、单排卵和胚胎发育动力学方面存在很大差异，直到囊胚阶段是相似的。然而，与人类不同的是，马是季节性动物，没有月经周期。此外，马的植入比人类晚 30 天。在人工生殖技术 (ART) 方面，由于卵巢刺激仍然低效，卵母细胞通常在马体外成熟。这允许在没有激素治疗的情况下收集卵母细胞。在人类中，在卵巢刺激后收集体内成熟的卵母细胞。随后，仅在马中进行细胞质内单精子注射 (ICSI) 以产生胚胎，而体外受精和 ICSI 均应用于人类。胚胎仅作为马的囊胚转移。相比之下，将四个细胞移植到囊胚阶段的胚胎中。人类已经掌握了胚胎和卵母细胞的冷冻保存，但在马身上还没有完全掌握。最后，由于衰老和肥胖，这两个物种都有不育问题。因此，即使马不能用作人类 ART 的单一模型，也可以通过对女性和母马的 ART 和不孕症治疗的比较研究来获得互惠知识。