The Golden Mile fault zone is a key controlling structure to the estimated 75 Moz gold endowment of the Kalgoorlie gold camp in the Yilgarn craton of Western Australia. The earliest structures in the fault are F₁ folds that developed during D₁ recumbent-fold and thrust deformation (<2685 ± 4 Ma). These F₁ folds are overprinted by a pervasive NW- to NNW-striking S₂ cleavage related to sinistral shearing beginning with 2680 ± 3 Ma D_2a sinistral strike-slip and culminating with ca. 2660 Ma D_2c sinistral-reverse movement. The majority of deformation in the fault zone correlates to ca. 2675 Ma D_2b deformation, which is characterized by sinistral-normal kinematic indicators. Late, ca. 2650–2640 Ma D₃ dextral-reverse kinematic indicators overprint the earlier D₂ structures. Pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite-pyrite-sphalerite-galena assemblages were emplaced throughout the D₂ event within NE-trending D_2a tensile fractures, NW- to NNW-striking D_2b normal faults and associated breccias, and NW- to NNW-striking D_2c low-angle veins, with the latter D_2b and D_2c structures correlating to the Fimiston and Oroya mineralization types, respectively. All D_2a-, D_2b-, and D_2c-related sulfides in the Golden Mile fault zone show similarly restricted δ³⁴S (~1.0–4.5‰) and elevated Δ³³S (~2.0–3.0‰) values that reflect strong local sulfur contribution from shales of the Lower Black Flag Group and host-rock buffering of hydrothermal fluids related to the Fimiston and Oroya mineralization events. This host-rock buffering decreased fluid f_O2, favoring the development of pyrrhotite-pyrite stable sulfide assemblages and causing respective decreases and increases in fluid Au-Te and Pb-Bi-Sb concentrations. At the camp scale, the Golden Mile fault zone exerted a primary control on the distribution of porphyry dikes and gold deposits; however, magma and hydrothermal fluid circulation was favored in adjacent, higher-order structural sites due to the fault zone’s incompetent rheology and tendency for ductile deformation and diffuse fluid flow. Other Archean examples such as Au deposits of the Larder Lake-Cadillac deformation zone in the Superior craton illustrate that this type of diffuse fluid flow in large-scale crustal fault zones can result in disseminated economic mineralization. However, this study highlights that host-rock effects on fluid chemistry in large-scale crustal fault zones exercises a strong control on a fluid’s propensity to form ore. The results of this study emphasize that both the rheology and chemistry of rocks within and adjacent to large-scale deformation zones act as important controls on the formation of gold ore in Archean terranes.

中文翻译：

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西澳大利亚州卡尔古利金矿营太古宙金域断层带的变形、岩浆作用和硫化物成矿作用

Golden Mile 断层带是西澳大利亚 Yilgarn 克拉通 Kalgoorlie 金矿营估计 75 Moz 金储量的关键控制结构。断层中最早的构造是在D ₁横卧褶皱和逆冲变形（<2685±4 Ma）期间发育的F ₁褶皱。这些 F ₁褶皱被普遍的 NW 到 NNW 的 S ₂劈理覆盖，与左旋剪切有关，从 2680 ± 3 Ma D _2a左旋走滑开始到大约 2660 Ma D _2c左旋反向运动。断层带中的大部分变形与大约相关。2675 马 D _2b变形，其特征是左旋法向运动学指标。迟到了 2650–2640 Ma D ₃右旋-反向运动学指标覆盖了早期的 D ₂结构。在整个 D ₂事件中，磁黄铁矿-黄铜矿-黄铁矿-闪锌矿-方铅矿组合位于 NE 向 D _2a拉张裂缝、NW 至 NNW走向的D _2b正断层和相关角砾岩内，以及 NW 至 NNW 走向的 D _2c低位角脉，后者的 D _2b和 D _2c结构分别与 Fimiston 和 Oroya 矿化类型相关。所有 D _2a -、D _2b - 和 D _2cGolden Mile 断层带中的 相关硫化物显示出同样受限的 δ ³⁴ S (~1.0–4.5‰) 和升高的 Δ ³³ S (~2.0–3.0‰) 值，这反映了下黑旗组页岩的强烈局部硫贡献和与 Fimiston 和 Oroya 矿化事件相关的热液流体的主岩缓冲。这种母岩缓冲降低了流体 f _{O 2}，有利于磁黄铁矿-黄铁矿稳定硫化物组合的发展，并导致流体 Au-Te 和 Pb-Bi-Sb 浓度的相应减少和增加。在营地尺度上，金域断裂带对斑岩岩脉和金矿床的分布具有初步控制作用；然而，由于断层带的无能流变性和韧性变形和扩散流体流动的趋势，岩浆和热液流体循环在相邻的高阶构造位置有利。其他太古宙的例子，例如上克拉通 Larder Lake-Cadillac 变形带的金矿床，说明这种在大规模地壳断层带中的扩散流体流动会导致弥散的经济矿化。然而，这项研究强调，在大型地壳断裂带中，母岩对流体化学的影响对流体形成矿石的倾向有很强的控制作用。这项研究的结果强调，大尺度变形带内和附近岩石的流变学和化学性质是太古宙地体金矿形成的重要控制因素。