The solid-state fermentation by effective microorganisms (containing photosynthetic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, yeast and Bacillus sp.) improved the nutritive values of palm kernel meal (PKM). Increased crude protein (20.79%), nitrogen-free extract (40.07%) and gross energy (19.58%) were observed in fermented PKM (FPKM) relative to raw PKM while crude lipid (15.65%), crude fiber (36.45%) and ash (29.54%) were decreased. Replacement of soybean meal (SBM) with FPKM as a protein source was investigated for its effects in sex-reversed red tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus). The two-month-old fish (14.85 ± 0.28 g initial weight) were fed fish meal-SBM-based diets with replacement by FPKM at 25% (25FPKM), 50% (50FPKM), 75% (75FPKM) and 100% (100FPKM), while an FPKM-free diet (0FPKM) was used as a control. The five treatments, comprising triplicate cement ponds and forty fish each, were conducted in a recirculating system over 12 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, fish fed the 50FPKM diet were superior in growth performance, while the feed utilization parameters were similar across all five treatments. Physiological adaptation of the protein-digesting (pepsin and trypsin) and lipid-digesting (lipase) enzymes was detected at all protein replacement levels (except for 25FPKM), as well as of the enzyme for cellulose digestion (cellulase), but not of the carbohydrate-digesting enzymes (amylase). Protein synthesis capacity in flesh was improved in fish fed the 50FPKM diet, while the quality of the main flesh proteins, actin and myosin, showed no significant differences across the five treatments. No differences in carcass composition and no negative effects on hematological parameters or liver histoarchitecture at the 50% replacement level of SBM by FPKM also support this alternative. Findings from the current study indicate the low-cost FPKM-containing diet for tilapia in comparison with control diet.

中文翻译：

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以发酵棕榈仁粕为蛋白质来源的豆粕在变性红罗非鱼（Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus）的鱼粉-豆粕型饲料中的最佳替代

有效微生物（包括光合细菌、乳酸菌、固氮菌、酵母和芽孢杆菌）的固态发酵提高了棕榈仁粕（PKM）的营养价值。相对于原始 PKM，发酵 PKM (FPKM) 中观察到的粗蛋白 (20.79%)、无氮提取物 (40.07%) 和总能量 (19.58%) 增加，而粗脂质 (15.65%)、粗纤维 (36.45%) 和灰分 (29.54%) 减少。研究了用 FPKM 作为蛋白质来源替代豆粕 (SBM) 对变性红罗非鱼 ( Oreochromis niloticus × O. mossambicus) 的影响）。两个月大的鱼（14.85 ± 0.28 g 初始体重）被喂食基于鱼粉 SBM 的饮食，并以 25% (25FPKM)、50% (50FPKM)、75% (75FPKM) 和 100% ( 100FPKM)，而不含 FPKM 的饮食 (0FPKM) 用作对照。在循环系统中进行了超过 12 周的五个处理，包括三个重复的水泥池和每个 40 条鱼。在饲喂试验结束时，饲喂 50FPKM 饲料的鱼在生长性能方面表现优异，而所有五种处理的饲料利用参数相似。在所有蛋白质替代水平（25FPKM 除外）以及纤维素消化酶（纤维素酶）检测到蛋白质消化（胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶）和脂质消化（脂肪酶）酶的生理适应，但未检测到碳水化合物消化酶（淀粉酶）。喂食 50FPKM 饮食的鱼肉中的蛋白质合成能力得到改善，而主要肉质蛋白质、肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白的质量在五种处理中没有显着差异。FPKM 在 50% 的 SBM 替代水平下，胴体组成没有差异，对血液学参数或肝脏组织结构没有负面影响，也支持这种替代方案。当前研究的结果表明，与对照饮食相比，罗非鱼的含 FPKM 的饮食成本较低。FPKM 在 50% 的 SBM 替代水平下，胴体组成没有差异，对血液学参数或肝脏组织结构没有负面影响，也支持这种替代方案。当前研究的结果表明，与对照饮食相比，罗非鱼的含 FPKM 的饮食成本较低。FPKM 在 50% 的 SBM 替代水平下，胴体组成没有差异，对血液学参数或肝脏组织结构没有负面影响，也支持这种替代方案。当前研究的结果表明，与对照饮食相比，罗非鱼的含 FPKM 的饮食成本较低。