How do policy-oriented learning and shifting coalitions among private and public actors affect the evolution of the regulatory governance of legal and sustainable global timber commodity production and trade? To answer this question, we study the interplay between the transnational private regulation of sustainable forestry certification under the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) scheme and the public policy requesting due diligence to prove the legality of global timber trade under the EU Timber Regulation (EUTR). We show that strategic policy-oriented learning and shifting coalitions among NGOs, business companies and state regulators were key shapers in the evolution and interplay of private and public regulations in the forest sector. In particular, environmental NGOs (ENGOs) and some forest-based industries first developed the non-state, market-driven FSC forest certification through a strategic alliance triggered by strategic policy learning about the failures and limitations of global state-based regulatory instruments. Following policy controversies about the eroding legitimacy and the ineffectiveness of FSC certification ENGOs, state regulators and other forest industries responded to these concerns and built a new strategic alliance to design and enforce regulatory bans and due diligence rules under the EUTR. Due to these controversies, shifting coalitions and strategic learning, private certification was not recognized as a green-lane to prove legality assurance under the EUTR. Nevertheless, FSC certification has been included, developed and practiced as part of the due diligence systems under the EUTR. In terms of theory development, our results show that strategic policy learning and processes of making and breaking strategic alliances were based on changes in core empirical beliefs based on evidence and information. However, these changes did not involve changes in core normative beliefs, which acted as main cognitive filters for breaking old strategic alliances and making new ones. These essentially cognitive mechanisms explain much of the evolution in regulatory governance interactions in the forest sector, shifting from public to private, then from private to public, and finally ending up in public-private controversies and adaptations.

以政策为导向的学习以及私营和公共参与者之间不断变化的联盟如何影响合法和可持续的全球木材商品生产和贸易的监管演变？为了回答这个问题，我们研究了森林管理委员会 (FSC) 计划下可持续林业认证的跨国私人监管与要求尽职调查以证明欧盟木材监管 (EUTR) 下全球木材贸易合法性的公共政策之间的相互作用. 我们表明，非政府组织、商业公司和国家监管机构之间以政策为导向的战略学习和不断变化的联盟是森林部门私人和公共法规演变和相互作用的关键塑造者。特别是环保非政府组织（ENGOs）和一些以森林为基础的产业首先发展了非国有、以市场为导向的 FSC 森林认证，通过战略联盟触发，通过战略政策了解全球基于国家的监管工具的失败和局限性。在关于 FSC 认证 ENGO 的合法性和无效性受到侵蚀的政策争议之后，国家监管机构和其他林业行业对这些担忧做出了回应，并建立了一个新的战略联盟，以设计和执行 EUTR 下的监管禁令和尽职调查规则。由于这些争议、不断变化的联盟和战略学习，私人认证并未被视为证明 EUTR 下合法性保证的绿道。尽管如此，作为 EUTR 尽职调查系统的一部分，FSC 认证已被纳入、开发和实施。在理论发展方面，我们的结果表明，战略政策学习和建立和打破战略联盟的过程是基于基于证据和信息的核心经验信念的变化。然而，这些变化并不涉及核心规范信念的变化，核心规范信念是打破旧战略联盟并建立新战略联盟的主要认知过滤器。这些本质上的认知机制解释了森林部门监管治理互动的大部分演变，从公共到私人，然后从私人到公共，最后以公私争议和适应结束。它充当了打破旧战略联盟和建立新战略联盟的主要认知过滤器。这些本质上的认知机制解释了森林部门监管治理互动的大部分演变，从公共到私人，然后从私人到公共，最后以公私争议和适应结束。它充当了打破旧战略联盟和建立新战略联盟的主要认知过滤器。这些本质上的认知机制解释了森林部门监管治理互动的大部分演变，从公共到私人，然后从私人到公共，最后以公私争议和适应结束。