Neither Wild nor Cultivated: American Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) Seller Surveys Provide Insights into in situ Planting and Husbandry. American ginseng has been gathered commercially in eastern North America for nearly 300 years. A possible contemporary influence on wild supplies is the augmentation of wild ginseng populations by harvesters using commercially available stock from cultivation. We utilized a confidential, annual survey over eight years (2012–2019) in Pennsylvania, United States, to examine the extent to which forest planting of commercial germplasm may account for wild ginseng harvest amounts. Three in ten (28%) root sellers reported that some of the ginseng they sold as “wild” was produced using in situ production methods involving scattering seeds in the forest. One in four (26%) of planters reported using commercially available planting stock in these efforts. Moreover, there was geographic overlap between study participants and the top wild ginseng harvest counties, suggesting planting activities might contribute partially to higher harvest amounts. Respondents confided a hesitancy towards reporting ginseng planting activities on buyer paperwork, as is increasingly being requested, fearing price devaluation, theft, taxation, and disagreement over what constitutes “wild.” Our results suggest that an improved understanding of U.S. wild ginseng origins and trends, especially as influenced by in situ planting and forest farming, will require confidential reporting mechanisms to accommodate seller concerns surrounding disclosure.

既非野生也非栽培：西洋参 ( Panax quinquefolius L.) 卖家调查提供了对原地种植和饲养的见解。西洋参在北美东部的商业采集已有近 300 年的历史。对野生供应的一个可能的当代影响是收割者使用市售的种植库存来增加野生人参的种群。我们在美国宾夕法尼亚州进行了一项为期八年（2012-2019 年）的机密年度调查，以检查商业种质的森林种植可能占野山参收获量的程度。十分之三 (28%) 的根销售者报告说，他们出售的一些“野生”人参是使用原地生产方法生产的，包括在森林中散播种子。四分之一 (26%) 的种植者报告在这些工作中使用了市售的种植库存。而且，研究参与者和野山参收获最多的县之间存在地理重叠，这表明种植活动可能部分有助于提高收获量。受访者表示对在买方文书上报告人参种植活动犹豫不决，因为越来越多的人要求他们担心价格贬值、盗窃、税收以及对“野生”构成的分歧。我们的研究结果表明，要更好地了解美国野山参的来源和趋势，尤其是受原地种植和森林养殖的影响，需要保密的报告机制来解决卖家对披露的担忧。正如越来越多的人要求的那样，担心价格贬值、盗窃、征税以及对“野生”的构成存在分歧。我们的研究结果表明，要更好地了解美国野山参的来源和趋势，尤其是受原地种植和森林养殖的影响，需要保密的报告机制来解决卖家对披露的担忧。正如越来越多的人要求的那样，担心价格贬值、盗窃、征税以及对“野生”的构成存在分歧。我们的结果表明，要更好地了解美国野山参的来源和趋势，特别是受原地种植和森林养殖的影响，需要保密的报告机制来解决卖家对披露的担忧。