INTRODUCTION Depression is associated with increased negative affect (NA) and low positive affect (PA), as well as interpersonal difficulties. Although most studies examine symptoms and affect at only one time point, ecological momentary assessment (EMA) captures data on affect and activity in real time and across contexts. The present study used EMA to explore the links between in-person and virtual social interactions, depressive symptoms, and momentary affect. METHODS Emerging adults (N=86) completed a self-report measure of both general depression and dysphoria symptoms, followed by EMA surveys 8 times daily for one week, reporting momentary affect (PA and NA) and social context (in-person and virtual interactions with friends). RESULTS In-person, but not virtual, presence of friends was associated with increased PA overall. Depressive symptoms were linked to less time with in-person friends and elevated NA. There was also a significant interaction between in-person presence of friends and dysphoria in predicting NA, such that presence of in-person friends was associated with lower NA only for those low in dysphoria. DISCUSSION Findings suggest that time with in-person friends is associated with increased PA overall and decreased NA only for those lower in depressive symptoms, but these effects do not generalize to virtual interactions. Those with greater depressive symptoms may be less responsive to positive stimuli and experience less of an effect of friends' presence on affect. Alternatively, maladaptive social behaviors characteristic of depression may influence the effect of social interactions on affect.

中文翻译：

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放大或面对面：与朋友相处的时间和抑郁症状对新兴成年人影响的生态瞬时评估研究。

引言 抑郁症与消极情绪 (NA) 和积极情绪 (PA) 的增加以及人际交往困难有关。尽管大多数研究仅在一个时间点检查症状和影响，但生态瞬时评估 (EMA) 可以跨环境实时捕获有关影响和活动的数据。本研究使用 EMA 来探索面对面和虚拟社交互动、抑郁症状和瞬间影响之间的联系。方法 新兴成年人 (N=86) 完成了对一般抑郁症和烦躁症状的自我报告测量，随后每周进行 8 次 EMA 调查，报告瞬时影响（PA 和 NA）和社会背景（面对面和虚拟与朋友的互动）。结果 面对面但不是虚拟的朋友在场与总体 PA 增加有关。抑郁症状与与亲朋好友相处的时间减少和 NA 升高有关。在预测 NA 时，朋友的面对面存在与焦虑之间也存在显着的相互作用，因此只有那些焦虑程度较低的人，面对面的朋友的存在才与较低的 NA 相关。讨论结果表明，与亲朋好友相处的时间与总体 PA 增加有关，而仅对抑郁症状较低的人而言，NA 会降低，但这些影响并未推广到虚拟互动。那些抑郁症状较重的人可能对积极刺激的反应较弱，朋友的存在对情感的影响也较小。或者，抑郁症的适应不良社会行为特征可能会影响社会互动对情感的影响。