A biomimetic “intestinal microvillus” electrochemical cell sensor based on three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting was developed, which can specifically and accurately detect wheat gliadin. Self-assembled flower-like copper oxide nanoparticles (FCONp) and hydrazide-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT-CDH) were innovatively synthesized to improve the sensor performance. A conductive biocomposite hydrogel (bioink) was prepared by mixing FCONp and MWCNT-CDH based on GelMA gel. The cluster-shaped microvillus structure of small intestine was accurately printed on the screen printing electrode with the prepared bioink using stereolithography 3D-bioprinting technology, and then the Rat Basophilic Leukemia cells were immobilized on the gel skeleton. Next, the developed cell sensor was used to effectively detect wheat allergen gliadin. The experimental results show that the bioprinted cell sensor sensitively detects wheat gliadin when the optimized cell numbers and immobilized time are 1 × 10⁶ cells/mL and 10 min, respectively. The linear detection range is 0.1–0.8 ng/mL, and the detection limit is 0.036 ng/mL. The electrochemical cell sensor based on 3D printing technology has excellent stability and reproducibility. Thus, a simple and novel electrochemical detection approach for food allergens was established in this study with potential application in food safety detection and evaluation.

研制了一种基于三维（3D）生物打印的仿生“肠道微绒毛”电化学电池传感器，可特异性、准确地检测小麦麦醇溶蛋白。创新合成了自组装花状氧化铜纳米粒子（FCONp）和酰肼功能化多壁碳纳米管（MWCNT-CDH），以提高传感器性能。基于 GelMA 凝胶，通过混合 FCONp 和 MWCNT-CDH 制备导电生物复合水凝胶（生物墨水）。采用立体光刻3D生物打印技术，利用制备好的生物墨水将小肠簇状微绒毛结构精确打印在丝网印刷电极上，然后将大鼠嗜碱性白血病细胞固定在凝胶骨架上。接下来，开发的细胞传感器用于有效检测小麦过敏原醇溶蛋白。^{分别为6 个}细胞/mL 和 10 分钟。线性检测范围为0.1-0.8 ng/mL，检测限为0.036 ng/mL。基于3D打印技术的电化学电池传感器具有优异的稳定性和重现性。因此，本研究建立了一种简单而新颖的食品过敏原电化学检测方法，在食品安全检测和评价中具有潜在的应用价值。