ABSTRACT

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a human pathogen incriminated as a causative agent of hospital nosocomial infections as well as a wide range of diseases in communities. This study was conducted to assess the occurrence and distribution of MRSA and methicillin-sensitive (MSSA) on different fomites in public facilities in northern Jordan and to determine their antibiograms, toxin genes profiles, as well as identify their genetic relatedness. A total of 2600 swabs were collected from 14 fomite surfaces in a variety of public facilities including hospitals, universities, schools, transportation sites, and market places. The identity of the 380 S. aureus isolates was confirmed. Among them, 158 (41.6%) were MRSA while the rest of the isolates, 222 (58.4%) were MSSA. MRSA isolates were recovered from all fomites sites. However, among the total collected samples, the percentages of MRSA in public facilities were significantly higher in hospitals and transportation fomites, while percentages of MRSA among fomites sites were higher in public reception sites, chairs, and toilet seats. Antibiotic resistance profiles indicated that 24.5% of the isolates were resistant to cefoxitin, oxacillin, and oxytetracycline. In contrast, only 3.95% were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and 15.3% were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Multidrug-resistant patterns were higher in MRSA than in MSSA isolates. There was no apparent difference in toxin gene profiles between MRSA and MSSA. Molecular analysis revealed 85 patterns and 16 clusters at a 9% mean similarity level. In conclusion, this study provides evidence for the potential of MRSA transmission via inanimate surfaces.

摘要

耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA) 是一种人类病原体，被认为是医院医院感染以及社区中多种疾病的病原体。本研究旨在评估约旦北部公共设施中不同污染物上 MRSA 和甲氧西林敏感 (MSSA) 的发生和分布，并确定它们的抗菌谱、毒素基因谱以及确定它们的遗传相关性。从医院、大学、学校、交通场所和市场等各种公共设施的 14 个污染表面共采集了 2600 份拭子。380金黄色葡萄球菌的身份分离株得到证实。其中，158株（41.6%）为MRSA，其余为222株（58.4%）为MSSA。从所有污染物位点回收 MRSA 分离株。然而，在收集的总样本中，医院和交通污染物中公共设施中 MRSA 的百分比显着较高，而公共接待场所、椅子和马桶座圈中 MRSA 的百分比较高。抗生素耐药谱表明，24.5% 的分离株对头孢西丁、苯唑西林和土霉素耐药。相比之下，只有3.95%对甲氧苄啶-磺胺甲恶唑耐药，15.3%对环丙沙星耐药。MRSA 的多重耐药模式高于 MSSA 分离株。MRSA 和 MSSA 之间的毒素基因谱没有明显差异。分子分析显示 85 种模式和 16 个簇，平均相似度为 9%。总之，这项研究为 MRSA 通过无生命表面传播的潜力提供了证据。