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Monitoring crop growth using a canopy structure dynamic model and time series of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data
International Journal of Remote Sensing ( IF 3.4 ) Pub Date : 2021-06-29 , DOI: 10.1080/01431161.2021.1938739
Xianfeng Jiao 1 , Heather McNairn 1 , Laura Dingle Robertson 1
Affiliation  

ABSTRACT

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) time series data are used by agricultural agencies for many essential operational crop monitoring programmes. But optical sensors often miss key growth stages due to cloud cover interference, impacting the performance of operational activities. Although the synergistic use of optical and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imagery can provide time series data, any SAR-optical integration necessitates building a relationship between these two data sources. The objective of this study was to use a semi-empirical Canopy Structure Dynamics Model (CSDM), Growing Degree Days (GDD), and SAR parameters calibrated to optical NDVI to derive daily estimates of canola crop condition over an entire growing season. RADARSAT-2 Fine Quad-pol and RapidEye images were collected over three years for a study site in western Canada. Object-based image analysis was applied to study the relationship between the optical and SAR time series data. Significant correlations were documented between a number of SAR parameters and optical NDVI, specifically a ratio of backscatter intensities (HH-HV)/(HH+HV), a ratio of volume to surface scattering extracted from the Freeman Durden decomposition, and Entropy from the Cloude-Pottier decomposition. Correlations (r-values) between these SAR parameters and optical NDVI ranged from 0.63 to 0.84 for the three years of data. Based on this analysis, a simple statistical model was used to relate SAR parameters to optical NDVI, creating a SAR-calibrated NDVI (SARcal-NDVI). A CSDM was fit to the SARcal-NDVI for each canola field, constructing a temporal vegetation index curve which captured canopy development from emergence to senescence. Coefficients of determination (R2) were 0.87 0.86 and 0.82 for entropy, the volume-surface scattering ratio, and the ratio of backscatter intensities (HH-HV)/(HH+HV), respectively, demonstrating a good model fit. The CSDM describes well the temporal evolution of SARcal-NDVI. Using the CSDM, SARcal-NDVI and GDD, the canola condition can be estimated for any given day in the growing season. In fact when the CSDM was used to estimate SARcal-NDVI for the exact days of RapidEye acquisitions, correlations with optically derived NDVI were high. The strongest correlations with RapidEye NDVI were reported for the volume-surface scattering ratio (R2 of 0.69 and RMSE of 0.15). The SARcal-NDVI estimated from the CSDM was also physically meaningful. Field-based biomass was significantly correlated (R2 of 0.79) with the SARcal-NDVI calculated using the volume-surface scattering ratio. Although further research is needed to extend this method to other crops, these results demonstrate that SAR data can be used to estimate vegetation conditions and when coupled with a CSDM, integrated into current monitoring operations based on optical NDVI. As a next step, the research team will be assessing SARcal-NDVI in a national operational programme which reports on crop yields using modelling with optical-based NDVI.



中文翻译:

使用冠层结构动态模型和合成孔径雷达 (SAR) 数据的时间序列监测作物生长

摘要

归一化差异植被指数 (NDVI) 时间序列数据被农业机构用于许多基本的业务作物监测计划。但是,由于云层干扰,光学传感器经常会错过关键的增长阶段,从而影响运营活动的绩效。尽管光学和合成孔径雷达 (SAR) 图像的协同使用可以提供时间序列数据,但任何 SAR 光学集成都需要在这两个数据源之间建立关系。本研究的目的是使用半经验冠层结构动力学模型 (CSDM)、生长度日 (GDD) 和校准到光学 NDVI 的 SAR 参数来推导出整个生长季节油菜作物状况的每日估计值。RADARSAT-2 Fine Quad-pol 和 RapidEye 图像是在三年多的时间里为加拿大西部的一个研究站点收集的。应用基于对象的图像分析来研究光学和SAR时间序列数据之间的关系。许多 SAR 参数和光学 NDVI 之间记录了显着的相关性,特别是反向散射强度 (HH-HV)/(HH+HV) 的比率、从 Freeman Durden 分解中提取的体积与表面散射的比率以及来自Cloude-Pottier 分解。对于三年的数据,这些 SAR 参数与光学 NDVI 之间的相关性(r 值)范围为 0.63 至 0.84。在此分析的基础上,使用一个简单的统计模型将 SAR 参数与光学 NDVI 相关联,创建了一个 SAR 校准的 NDVI (SAR 应用基于对象的图像分析来研究光学和SAR时间序列数据之间的关系。许多 SAR 参数和光学 NDVI 之间记录了显着的相关性,特别是反向散射强度 (HH-HV)/(HH+HV) 的比率、从 Freeman Durden 分解中提取的体积与表面散射的比率以及来自Cloude-Pottier 分解。对于三年的数据,这些 SAR 参数与光学 NDVI 之间的相关性(r 值)介于 0.63 至 0.84 之间。在此分析的基础上,使用一个简单的统计模型将 SAR 参数与光学 NDVI 相关联,创建了一个 SAR 校准的 NDVI (SAR 应用基于对象的图像分析来研究光学和SAR时间序列数据之间的关系。许多 SAR 参数和光学 NDVI 之间记录了显着的相关性,特别是反向散射强度 (HH-HV)/(HH+HV) 的比率、从 Freeman Durden 分解中提取的体积与表面散射的比率以及来自Cloude-Pottier 分解。对于三年的数据,这些 SAR 参数与光学 NDVI 之间的相关性(r 值)介于 0.63 至 0.84 之间。在此分析的基础上,使用一个简单的统计模型将 SAR 参数与光学 NDVI 相关联,创建了一个 SAR 校准的 NDVI (SAR 特别是反向散射强度 (HH-HV)/(HH+HV) 的比率、从 Freeman Durden 分解中提取的体积与表面散射的比率,以及从 Cloude-Pottier 分解中提取的熵。对于三年的数据,这些 SAR 参数与光学 NDVI 之间的相关性(r 值)介于 0.63 至 0.84 之间。在此分析的基础上,使用一个简单的统计模型将 SAR 参数与光学 NDVI 相关联,创建了一个 SAR 校准的 NDVI (SAR 特别是反向散射强度 (HH-HV)/(HH+HV) 的比率、从 Freeman Durden 分解中提取的体积与表面散射的比率,以及从 Cloude-Pottier 分解中提取的熵。对于三年的数据,这些 SAR 参数与光学 NDVI 之间的相关性(r 值)范围为 0.63 至 0.84。在此分析的基础上,使用一个简单的统计模型将 SAR 参数与光学 NDVI 相关联,创建了一个 SAR 校准的 NDVI (SARcal- NDVI)。CSDM 适合每个油菜田的 SAR cal -NDVI,构建时间植被指数曲线,捕获从出现到衰老的冠层发育。熵、体积-表面散射比和反向散射强度比 (HH-HV)/(HH+HV)的测定系数 (R 2 ) 分别为 0.87、0.86 和 0.82,表明模型拟合良好。CSDM 很好地描述了 SAR cal -NDVI的时间演变。使用 CSDM、SAR cal -NDVI 和 GDD,可以估计生长季节中任何一天的油菜籽状况。事实上,当 CSDM 被用来估计 SAR cal- 在 RapidEye 收购的确切日子里,NDVI 与光学衍生 NDVI 的相关性很高。体积-表面散射比(R 2为0.69 和RMSE 为0.15)与RapidEye NDVI 的相关性最强。从 CSDM 估计的 SAR cal -NDVI 也具有物理意义。基于田间的生物量与 SAR cal显着相关(R 2为 0.79)-NDVI 使用体积-表面散射比计算。尽管需要进一步研究将这种方法扩展到其他作物,但这些结果表明 SAR 数据可用于估计植被状况,并且当与 CSDM 结合使用时,可集成到基于光学 NDVI 的当前监测操作中。作为下一步,研究团队将在国家业务计划中评估 SAR cal -NDVI,该计划使用基于光学的 NDVI 建模报告作物产量。

更新日期:2021-08-03
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