Virtual reality (VR) is increasingly being used for education and surgical simulation in neurosurgery. So far, the 3D sources for VR simulation have been derived from medical images, which lack real color. The authors made photographic 3D models from dissected cadavers and integrated them into the VR platform. This study aimed to introduce a method of developing a photograph-integrated VR and to evaluate the educational effect of these models.

A silicone-injected cadaver head was prepared. A CT scan of the specimen was taken, and the soft tissue and skull were segmented to 3D objects. The cadaver was dissected layer by layer, and each layer was 3D scanned by a photogrammetric method. The objects were imported to a free VR application and layered. Using the head-mounted display and controllers, the various neurosurgical approaches were demonstrated to neurosurgical residents. After performing hands-on virtual surgery with photographic 3D models, a feedback survey was collected from 31 participants.

Photographic 3D models were seamlessly integrated into the VR platform. Various skull base approaches were successfully performed with photograph-integrated VR. During virtual dissection, the landmark anatomical structures were identified based on their color and shape. Respondents rated a higher score for photographic 3D models than for conventional 3D models (4.3 ± 0.8 vs 3.2 ± 1.1, respectively; p = 0.001). They responded that performing virtual surgery with photographic 3D models would help to improve their surgical skills and to develop and study new surgical approaches.

The authors introduced photographic 3D models to the virtual surgery platform for the first time. Integrating photographs with the 3D model and layering technique enhanced the educational effect of the 3D models. In the future, as computer technology advances, more realistic simulations will be possible.

虚拟现实 (VR) 越来越多地用于神经外科的教育和手术模拟。到目前为止，VR 模拟的 3D 源都来自医学图像，缺乏真实的色彩。作者从解剖的尸体上制作了摄影 3D 模型，并将它们集成到 VR 平台中。本研究旨在介绍一种开发照片集成 VR 的方法，并评估这些模型的教育效果。

制备了注射硅酮的尸体头部。对标本进行 CT 扫描，并将软组织和颅骨分割为 3D 对象。尸体被逐层解剖，每一层都通过摄影测量方法进行3D扫描。这些对象被导入到一个免费的 VR 应用程序中并分层。使用头戴式显示器和控制器，向神经外科住院医师展示了各种神经外科方法。在使用摄影 3D 模型进行动手虚拟手术后，从 31 名参与者中收集了反馈调查。

摄影 3D 模型无缝集成到 VR 平台中。使用照片集成 VR 成功执行了各种颅底方法。在虚拟解剖过程中，标志性解剖结构根据其颜色和形状进行识别。受访者对摄影 3D 模型的评分高于传统 3D 模型（分别为 4.3 ± 0.8 和 3.2 ± 1.1；p = 0.001）。他们回应说，使用摄影 3D 模型进行虚拟手术将有助于提高他们的手术技能并开发和研究新的手术方法。

作者首次将摄影 3D 模型引入虚拟手术平台。将照片与 3D 模型和分层技术相结合，增强了 3D 模型的教育效果。未来，随着计算机技术的进步，更逼真的模拟将成为可能。