The systemic pharmacotherapeutic efficacy of immunomodulatory drugs is heavily influenced by its route of administration. A few common routes for the systemic delivery of immunotherapeutics are intravenous, intraperitoneal, and intramuscular injections. However, the development of novel biomaterials, in adjunct to current progress in immunoengineering, is providing an exciting area of interest for oral drug delivery for systemic targeting. Oral immunotherapeutic delivery is a highly preferred route of administration due to its ease of administration, higher patient compliance, and increased ability to generate specialized immune responses. However, the harsh environment and slow systemic absorption, due to various biological barriers, reduces the immunotherapeutic bioavailability, and in turn prevents widespread use of oral delivery. Nonetheless, cutting edge biomaterials are being synthesized to combat these biological barriers within the gastrointestinal (GI) tract for the enhancement of drug bioavailability and targeting the immune system. For example, advancements in biomaterials and synthesized drug agents have provided distinctive methods to promote localized drug absorption for the modulation of local or systemic immune responses. Additionally, novel breakthroughs in the immunoengineering field show promise in the development of vaccine delivery systems for disease prevention as well as combating autoimmune diseases, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. This review will discuss current progress made within the field of biomaterials and drug delivery systems to enhance oral immunotherapeutic availability, and how these new delivery platforms can be utilized to deliver immunotherapeutics for resolution of immune-related diseases.

中文翻译：

---

用于免疫工程的口服药物递送

免疫调节药物的全身药物治疗功效很大程度上受其给药途径的影响。免疫治疗药物全身给药的一些常见途径是静脉注射、腹膜内注射和肌内注射。然而，新型生物材料的开发，结合​​当前免疫工程的进展，为全身靶向的口服药物递送提供了令人兴奋的领域。口服免疫治疗递送是一种高度优选的给药途径，因为它易于给药、更高的患者依从性以及增强的产生专门免疫反应的能力。然而，由于各种生物屏障，恶劣的环境和缓慢的全身吸收降低了免疫治疗的生物利用度，进而阻碍了口服给药的广泛使用。尽管如此，人们仍在合成尖端生物材料来对抗胃肠道内的这些生物屏障，从而增强药物的生物利用度并靶向免疫系统。例如，生物材料和合成药物制剂的进步提供了独特的方法来促进局部药物吸收，从而调节局部或全身免疫反应。此外，免疫工程领域的新突破显示出开发用于疾病预防以及对抗自身免疫性疾病、炎症性疾病和癌症的疫苗递送系统的前景。本综述将讨论生物材料和药物递送系统领域当前在增强口服免疫治疗可用性方面取得的进展，以及如何利用这些新的递送平台来提供免疫治疗药物以解决免疫相关疾病。