Brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis populations inhabiting groundwater-fed, headwater streams are sensitive to biotic and abiotic changes caused by anthropogenic actions in their native range but can be very resilient in their introduced range. Brook trout have maintained a self-sustaining population in the Little Plover River, Wisconsin, despite fish kills during extreme low flows between 2005 and 2009 caused by groundwater pumping and limited precipitation. Increased understanding of brook trout sensitivity and resilience in headwater streams can aid restoration, conservation and eradication efforts. Therefore, we evaluated their movements, survival and spawning behaviours in the Little Plover River using a PIT antenna array (July 2016–July 2019) and spawning redd surveys (2017–2018) paired with estimated groundwater inputs. Tagged individuals often exhibited localised, nocturnal movements for most of the year. However, movements increased and shifted to a diurnal pattern with decreased photoperiod and water temperature beginning during spawning and continuing throughout winter (November–February). Spawning movements primarily (90%) occurred in the upstream direction, with consistent patterns of short (rkm <0.9, 64.8.9–70.7%), moderate (rkm =0.9 – 3.5, 20.0–30.2%) and long (rkm ≥4.5, 4.5–6.2%) distance movements across the three spawning periods. Monthly survival estimates ranged from 72.1 to 98.9% throughout the study (mean =91.5%) and were consistently lowest during winter and spring. Redd surveys indicated spawning peaked in mid-November and redds were more concentrated in upstream reaches and in areas with higher estimated groundwater inflows in 2017 but not in 2018 when surface flows were higher. Our results increase understanding of brook trout daily and seasonal movements, monthly and seasonal survival, and spawning behaviours including relative to groundwater and surface flows in headwater streams, further informing management, conservation, and eradication efforts.

中文翻译：

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威斯康星州中部源头溪流易受低流量影响的溪鳟活动、生存和产卵地点

溪鳟Salvelinus fontinalis居住在以地下水为食的源头溪流中的种群对其原生范围内的人为活动引起的生物和非生物变化很敏感，但在其引入范围内却具有很强的弹性。尽管在 2005 年至 2009 年期间由于地下水抽取和有限的降水造成的极低流量期间鱼类死亡，但溪鳟在威斯康星州的小船河保持了自给自足的种群。加深对源头溪流中溪鳟敏感性和恢复力的了解有助于恢复、保护和根除工作。因此，我们使用 PIT 天线阵列（2016 年 7 月至 2019 年 7 月）和产卵 redd 调查（2017 年至 2018 年）与估计的地下水输入配对，评估了它们在小船河中的运动、生存和产卵行为。标记的个人经常表现出本地化，一年中大部分时间的夜间活动。然而，运动增加并转变为昼夜模式，从产卵期间开始，光周期和水温降低，并持续整个冬季（11 月至 2 月）。产卵运动主要（90%）发生在上游方向，具有短（rkm <0.9, 64.8.9-70.7%）、中等（rkm = 0.9-3.5, 20.0-30.2%）和长（rkm ≥4.5）的一致模式, 4.5–6.2%) 三个产卵期的距离移动。整个研究期间的月生存率估计范围为 72.1% 至 98.9%（平均值 =91.5%），并且在冬季和春季期间始终最低。Redd 调查表明，产卵在 11 月中旬达到顶峰，redds 更集中在上游河段和 2017 年估计地下水流入量较高的地区，但在 2018 年地表流量较高时并非如此。