Novirhabdoviruses belong to the Rhabdoviridae family of RNA viruses. All of the four members are pathogenic for bony fish. Particularly, Infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) and Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) often cause mass animal deaths and huge economic losses, representing major obstacles to fish farming industry worldwide. The interactions between fish and novirhabdoviruses are becoming better understood. In this review, we will present our current knowledge of fish innate immunity, particularly type I interferon (IFN-I) response, against novirhabdoviral infection, and the evasion strategies exploited by novirhabdoviruses. Members of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) appear to be involved in novirhabdovirus surveillance. NF-κB activation and IFN-I induction are primarily triggered for antiviral defense. Autophagy can also be induced by viral glycoprotein (G). Although sensitive to IFN-I, novirhabdoviruses have nucleoprotein (N), matrix protein (M), and non-virion protein (NV) to interfere with host signal transduction and gene expression steps toward antiviral state establishment. Moreover, novirhabdoviruses may exploit some microRNAs for immunosuppression.

新病毒弹状病毒属于RNA 病毒弹状病毒科。这四个成员都对硬骨鱼致病。特别是传染性造血坏死病毒（IHNV）和病毒性出血性败血症病毒(VHSV) 经常导致大量动物死亡和巨大的经济损失，是全球养鱼业的主要障碍。鱼和新病毒之间的相互作用正在得到更好的理解。在这篇综述中，我们将介绍我们目前关于鱼类先天免疫的知识，特别是 I 型干扰素 (IFN-I) 反应、抗新病毒杆状病毒感染，以及新病毒杆状病毒利用的逃避策略。Toll 样受体 (TLR) 和 RIG-I 样受体 (RLR) 的成员似乎参与了新病毒弹状病毒监测。NF-κB 激活和 IFN-I 诱导主要被触发用于抗病毒防御。自噬也可由病毒糖蛋白 (G) 诱导。尽管对 IFN-I 敏感，但新病毒弹状病毒具有核蛋白 (N)、基质蛋白 (M)、和非病毒粒子蛋白 (NV) 干扰宿主信号转导和基因表达步骤，从而建立抗病毒状态。此外，novirhabdoviruses 可能会利用一些 microRNA 进行免疫抑制。