Seeing an agent perform an action typically triggers a motor simulation of that action in the observer's Mirror Neuron System (MNS). Over the past few years, it has become increasingly clear that during action observation the patterns and strengths of responses in the MNS are modulated by multiple factors. The first aim of this paper is therefore to provide the most comprehensive survey to date of these factors. To that end, 22 distinct factors are described, broken down into the following sets: six involving the action; two involving the actor; nine involving the observer; four involving the relationship between actor and observer; and one involving the context. The second aim is to consider the implications of these findings for four prominent theoretical models of the MNS: the Direct Matching Model; the Predictive Coding Model; the Value-Driven Model; and the Associative Model. These assessments suggest that although each model is supported by a wide range of findings, each one is also challenged by other findings and relatively unaffected by still others. Hence, there is now a pressing need for a richer, more inclusive model that is better able to account for all of the modulatory factors that have been identified so far.

看到一个代理执行一个动作通常会在观察者的镜像神经元系统 (MNS) 中触发该动作的运动模拟。在过去的几年中，越来越清楚的是，在行动观察期间，MNS 中的反应模式和强度受到多种因素的调节。因此，本文的第一个目的是对这些因素进行迄今为止最全面的调查。为此，描述了 22 个不同的因素，分为以下几组：六个涉及动作；两个涉及演员；九个涉及观察员；四涉及actor和observer的关系；一个涉及上下文。第二个目的是考虑这些发现对 MNS 的四个著名理论模型的影响：直接匹配模型；预测编码模型；价值驱动模型；和关联模型。这些评估表明，尽管每个模型都得到广泛研究结果的支持，但每个模型也受到其他研究结果的挑战，并且相对不受其他研究结果的影响。因此，现在迫切需要一个更丰富、更具包容性的模型，该模型能够更好地解释迄今为止已确定的所有调节因素。