Chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphorous pesticide, can be found in aquatic ecosystems at concentrations of up to several hundred nanograms per liter because of water runoff from treated crops. While some studies have shown that low concentrations of CPF may have adverse effects on aquatic species, comparatively little is known about its effect on fish embryos and larvae. To investigate the developmental effects of CPF, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eyed-stage embryos were exposed in semistatic conditions to 0.3 and 3 µg/L of CPF up to the end of the sac-fry stage, 3 weeks, at 12 °C. Several endpoints were analyzed including survival, hatching delay, hatching success, biometry, swimming activity, DNA damage, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl content, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, and gene expression. At the end of the 3-week exposure, larvae exposed to the highest concentration of CPF were less mobile compared to the control and the lowest CPF conditions. No significant differences in AChE activity were observed in either set of CPF conditions compared to control, but it was significantly reduced for larvae exposed to 3 µg/L compared to those exposed to 0.3 µg/L of CPF. Expression of genes that encoded estrogen receptor beta was downregulated for larvae exposed to both CPF concentrations. Expression of cytochrome P450 family 19 subfamily A member 1 was also significantly repressed but only on larvae exposed to the highest concentration of CPF. Our results indicated that subchronic exposure to environmental concentrations of CPF could lead to sublethal effects on early-life stages of rainbow trout, especially effects on swimming activity that could affect foraging activity and escaping from predators. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:3092–3102. © 2021 SETAC

中文翻译：

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亚慢性环境浓度毒死蜱对虹鳟幼虫游泳活动的影响

毒死蜱 (CPF) 是一种有机磷农药，由于处理过的作物的径流，可以在水生生态系统中发现浓度高达每升数百纳克的农药。虽然一些研究表明低浓度的 CPF 可能对水生物种产生不利影响，但对其对鱼类胚胎和幼虫的影响知之甚少。研究 CPF 对虹鳟鱼 ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) 的发育影响) 眼睛阶段胚胎在半静态条件下暴露于 0.3 和 3 µg/L 的 CPF 中，直至 12 °C 的 sac-fry 阶段结束 3 周。分析了几个终点，包括存活、孵化延迟、孵化成功、生物测定、游泳活动、DNA 损伤、脂质过氧化、蛋白质羰基含量、乙酰胆碱酯酶 (AChE) 活性和基因表达。在 3 周暴露结束时，与对照和最低 CPF 条件相比，暴露于最高 CPF 浓度的幼虫移动性较低。与对照组相比，在任何一组 CPF 条件下都没有观察到 AChE 活性的显着差异，但与暴露于 0.3 µg/L CPF 的幼虫相比，暴露于 3 µg/L 的幼虫显着降低了 AChE 活性。对于暴露于两种CPF浓度的幼虫，编码雌激素受体β的基因的表达被下调。细胞色素 P450 家族 19 亚家族 A 成员 1 的表达也受到显着抑制，但仅在暴露于最高浓度 CPF 的幼虫上受到抑制。我们的研究结果表明，亚慢性暴露于环境浓度的 CPF 可能对虹鳟鱼的早期生命阶段产生亚致死影响，尤其是对可能影响觅食活动和逃离捕食者的游泳活动的影响。环境毒物化学2021；40:3092–3102。© 2021 SETAC