Polymeric nanoparticles have been the focus for nanocarrier preparation in numerous biomedical applications such as cancer treatment, disease diagnosis, vaccination, in the last two decades. They have been variably surface modified using copolymers, Polyethylene glycol (PEG), dextran, cyclodextrin, cytokines, small molecules to improve their efficiency and efficacy. The resulting nano-formulations include polymer-protein conjugate, polymeric micelle, polymer-small molecule conjugate, dendrimer, polymeric vesicles, nano-hybrids, hydrogels etc. These may have intrinsic immunogenicity and require accurate characterization in order to improve their pharmacological targeting, pharmacokinetic profiles and to reduce adverse reactions. Therefore, we have reviewed the polymeric nanoparticles and the electron microscopy techniques available for their characterization in the context of their surface modifications and functionalization.

中文翻译：

---

可生物降解聚合物纳米粒子的表面改性及其先进电子显微镜技术的表征

在过去的二十年中，聚合物纳米颗粒一直是纳米载体制备的重点，用于许多生物医学应用，如癌症治疗、疾病诊断、疫苗接种。它们已经使用共聚物、聚乙二醇 (PEG)、葡聚糖、环糊精、细胞因子、小分子进行了不同的表面改性，以提高它们的效率和功效。由此产生的纳米制剂包括聚合物-蛋白质偶联物、聚合物胶束、聚合物-小分子偶联物、树枝状大分子、聚合物囊泡、纳米杂化物、水凝胶等。这些可能具有内在的免疫原性，需要准确表征以改善其药理靶向、药代动力学配置文件并减少不良反应。所以，