An approach to translational, rotational, and vibrational temperatures of small metal clusters (${\mathrm{Ga}}_M{\mathrm{Sn}}_N, M=0,1$ and $N=6–16$) in a molecular beam from a cryogenically cooled laser vaporization source is presented. The velocity distribution in the molecular beam is measured with a mechanical shutter at a fixed photoionization delay which gives an estimate of the lower bound of the translational temperature $T_{\text{trans}}$. These values of $T_{\text{trans}}$ are found to be considerably smaller than the corresponding nozzle temperatures $T_{\text{nozzle}}=16–300\mathrm{K}$. The rotational temperature $T_{\text{rot}}$ is estimated from the comparison of an electric deflection experiment with molecular dynamics simulations and from magnetic deflection experiments to be in the range $T_{\text{rot}}=5–20\mathrm{K}$ for $T_{\text{nozzle}}=16\mathrm{K}$. The vibrational temperature $T_{\text{vib}}$ is studied by comparing magnetic deflection experiments with a microscopic model based on avoided level crossings between vibrational, rotational, and Zeeman energy levels. For $T_{\text{nozzle}}\ge 50\mathrm{K}, T_{\text{vib}}\approx T_{\text{nozzle}}$ is observed, while for lower temperatures, $T_{\text{vib}}>T_{\text{nozzle}}$. Thus, $T_{\text{trans}}\le T_{\text{rot}}<T_{\text{vib}}$ is found at least for $N=11,12$ and the lowest nozzle temperature of 16 K.

中文翻译：

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确定孤立金属簇的平移和内部温度：基于分子束偏转实验的综合方法

一种计算小金属簇的平移、旋转和振动温度的方法（${嘎}_{米}{锡}_N, 米=0,1$ 和 $N=6——16$) 在来自低温冷却激光汽化源的分子束中呈现。分子束中的速度分布是用机械快门在固定的光电离延迟下测量的，这给出了平移温度下限的估计${吨}_{\text{反式}}$. 这些值${吨}_{\text{反式}}$ 发现比相应的喷嘴温度小得多 ${吨}_{\text{喷嘴}}=16——300\mathrm{钾}$. 旋转温度${吨}_{\text{腐烂}}$ 根据电偏转实验与分子动力学模拟的比较以及磁偏转实验估计在范围内 ${吨}_{\text{腐烂}}=5——20\mathrm{钾}$ 为了 ${吨}_{\text{喷嘴}}=16\mathrm{钾}$. 振动温度${吨}_{\text{振动}}$通过比较磁偏转实验与基于避免振动、旋转和塞曼能级之间的水平交叉的微观模型来研究。为了${吨}_{\text{喷嘴}}\ge 50\mathrm{钾}, {吨}_{\text{振动}}\approx {吨}_{\text{喷嘴}}$ 观察到，而对于较低的温度， ${吨}_{\text{振动}}>{吨}_{\text{喷嘴}}$. 因此，${吨}_{\text{反式}}\le {吨}_{\text{腐烂}}<{吨}_{\text{振动}}$ 至少为 $N=11,12$ 和 16 K 的最低喷嘴温度。