: Effective standards of care treatment guidelines have been developed for many canine diseases. However, a subpopulation of patients is partially or completely refractory to these protocols, so their owners seek novel therapies such as treatments with MSCs. Although in dogs, as with human medicine, the most studied MSCs sources have been bone marrow and adipose tissue, in recent years, many researchers have drawn attention towards alternative sources, such as foetal adnexa and fluid, since they possess many advantages over bone marrow and adipose tissue. Foetal adnexa and fluid could be considered as discarded material; therefore, sampling is non-invasive, inexpensive and free from ethical considerations. Furthermore, MSCs derived from foetal adnexa and fluid preserve some of the characteristics of the primitive embryonic layers from which they originate and seem to present immune-modulatory properties that make them a good candidate for allo- and xenotransplantation. The aim of the present review is to offer an update on the state of the art on canine MSCs derived from foetal adnexa and fluid focusing on the findings in their clinical setting.

中文翻译：

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犬胎液和附件源性间充质干细胞的现状

： 已经为许多犬类疾病制定了有效的护理治疗指南标准。然而，一部分患者对这些方案部分或完全无效，因此他们的主人寻求新的疗法，例如用 MSCs 进行治疗。尽管在狗中，与人类医学一样，研究最多的 MSC 来源是骨髓和脂肪组织，但近年来，许多研究人员已将注意力转向替代来源，例如胎儿附件和体液，因为它们比骨髓具有许多优势和脂肪组织。胎儿附件和液体可被视为废弃材料；因此，采样是非侵入性的、廉价的并且没有道德考虑。此外，源自胎儿附件和体液的 MSCs 保留了它们起源的原始胚胎层的一些特征，并且似乎呈现出免疫调节特性，使它们成为同种异体和异种移植的良好候选者。本综述的目的是提供关于源自胎儿附件和体液的犬 MSCs 的最新技术，重点是其临床环境中的发现。