During the last decade’s increase of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in animals, animal-human transmission has become a major threat. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the genetic basis of AMR in Gram-negative bacteria recovered from sheep and goats with respiratory disease. Nasal and ocular swabs were collected from 69 diseased animals, and 76 Gram-negative bacterial isolates were identified from 59 animals. All isolates were checked phenotypically for resistance and genotypically for different resistance mechanisms, including β-lactam, quinolone, and aminoglycoside resistance. Our results demonstrated that 9.2% (95% CI 4.5–17.8%) of the isolates were multidrug-resistant, with high resistance rates to β-lactams and quinolones, and 11.8% (95% CI 6.4–21%) and 6.6% (95% CI 2.8–14.5%) of the isolates were phenotypically positive for AmpC and ESBL, respectively. Genotypically, bla_TEM was the most identified β-lactamase encoding gene in 29% (95% CI 20–40%) of the isolates, followed by bla_SHV (14.5%, 95% CI 8.3–24.1%) and bla_CTX-M (4%, 95% CI 1.4–11%). Furthermore, 7.9% (95% CI 3.7–16.2%) of the isolates harbored plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance gene qnrS. Our study revealed for the first time to our knowledge high β-lactam and quinolone resistance associated with the bacteria recovered from sheep and one goat with respiratory disease. Furthermore, different antimicrobial resistant determinants were identified for the first time from animals in Africa, such as bla_LEN-13/55, bla_TEM-176 and bla_TEM-198/214. This study highlights the potential role of sheep and goats in disseminating AMR determinants and/or resistant bacteria to humans. The study regenerates interest for the development of a One Health approach to combat this formidable problem.

中文翻译：

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患有呼吸道疾病的绵羊和山羊呼吸道肠杆菌科细菌对β-内酰胺和喹诺酮类药物的高耐药性

在过去十年动物的抗微生物药物耐药性 (AMR) 增加期间，动物与人类之间的传播已成为主要威胁。因此，本研究旨在评估从患有呼吸道疾病的绵羊和山羊中回收的革兰氏阴性菌中 AMR 的遗传基础。收集了 69 只患病动物的鼻拭子和眼部拭子，并从 59 只动物中鉴定出 76 株革兰氏阴性菌。对所有分离株进行表型的耐药性和不同耐药机制的基因型检查，包括β-内酰胺、喹诺酮和氨基糖苷类耐药。我们的结果表明，9.2% (95% CI 4.5–17.8%) 的分离株具有多重耐药性，对 β-内酰胺类和喹诺酮类药物的耐药率高，11.8% (95% CI 6.4–21%) 和 6.6% ( 95% 置信区间 2.8–14。5%) 的分离株分别为 AmpC 和 ESBL 表型阳性。基因型上，bla _TEM是 29% (95% CI 20–40%) 分离株中鉴定最多的 β-内酰胺酶编码基因，其次是bla _SHV (14.5%, 95% CI 8.3–24.1%) 和bla _CTX-M (4 %, 95% CI 1.4–11%）。此外，7.9% (95% CI 3.7–16.2%) 的分离株含有质粒介导的喹诺酮抗性基因qnrS。据我们所知，我们的研究首次揭示了与从患有呼吸道疾病的绵羊和一只山羊身上回收的细菌相关的高 β-内酰胺和喹诺酮耐药性。此外，首次从非洲动物中鉴定出不同的抗菌素耐药性决定因素，例如bla _LEN-13/55、bla _TEM-176和bla _TEM-198/214。这项研究强调了绵羊和山羊在向人类传播 AMR 决定因素和/或耐药细菌方面的潜在作用。该研究重新激发了人们对开发 One Health 方法来解决这一棘手问题的兴趣。