Research shows there is variability in factors that cause a person to radicalize to violent extremism. The use of the push/pull distinction has been one way in which scholars have aimed to provide clarity to the process of radicalization and extremist disengagement. However, it remains a conceptually underdeveloped distinction. In this paper, we draw on aspects of criminological theory to better understand the push and pull distinction. The paper draws on research comprising interviews with three Indonesians and two Australian individuals who have radicalized to violent extremism that is aligned with jihadist ideologies. Based on this primary data, case descriptions and narratives are provided on each individual examining pathways into and away from violent extremism. We draw on aspects of strain theory, social control, differential association, and desistance theory to understand common patterns across each case and to highlight the relative influence of various push and pull factors. Implications for theory and policy are highlighted. We also acknowledge limitations in our approach.

研究表明，导致一个人激进化为暴力极端主义的因素各不相同。推/拉区分的使用一直是学者们旨在为激进化和极端主义脱离接触过程提供清晰的一种方式。然而，它仍然是一个概念上不发达的区别。在本文中，我们利用犯罪学理论的各个方面来更好地理解推和拉的区别。该论文借鉴了研究，包括对三名印度尼西亚人和两名澳大利亚人的采访，他们激进化为与圣战意识形态一致的暴力极端主义。根据这些主要数据，提供了案例描述和叙述，涉及每个人检查进入和远离暴力极端主义的途径。我们借鉴了应变理论、社会控制、差异关联、和阻力理论，以了解每个案例的共同模式，并突出各种推拉因素的相对影响。强调了对理论和政策的影响。我们也承认我们的方法存在局限性。