Purpose

The COVID-19 pandemic has profound implications on the food and nutritional security of millions of households. The study assessed the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on diet diversity, calorie consumption and intake of essential nutrients based on the gender of the households.

Design/methodology/approach

Mixed-design ANOVA and logistic regression were used to analyze the collected data from 260 female- and 463 male-headed households through an online survey in Pakistan.

Findings

The outcomes revealed that the diet diversity of female households was affected more due to the COVID-19 compared to male households. The decline in daily nutrients' (protein, phosphorus, zinc, iron and iodine) intake during the COVID-19 was also greater for female-headed households than male-headed households. The share of all food groups in daily calorie and nutrient provision decreased significantly during the COVID-19 for both types of households. The share of meat and meat products declined more for female-headed households compared to male-headed households. The share of perishable commodities in calorie provision to female and male households decreased 2% during the COVID-19 compared to the normal period. Small- and medium-sized female and male households were less likely to experience worsened diet diversity than large-sized households during the COVID-19. Low-income compared to medium- and high-income female and male households were more likely to report declined food diversity during the COVID-19.

Research limitations/implications

The data used in this study were collected through an online survey due to public health measures imposed in the country.

Originality/value

Despite the emergence of literature on the implications of the pandemic on food security, the studies related to the gender-based impacts of COVID-19 on diet diversity and nutritional intakes of necessary nutrients are still non-existent. The current study will add to the literature by filling this gap.

中文翻译：

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COVID-19 大流行对巴基斯坦家庭饮食多样性和营养安全的性别影响

目的

COVID-19 大流行对数百万家庭的粮食和营养安全产生深远影响。该研究根据家庭的性别评估了 COVID-19 大流行对饮食多样性、卡路里消耗和必需营养素摄入量的影响。

设计/方法/方法

使用混合设计方差分析和逻辑回归分析通过在巴基斯坦进行的在线调查从 260 个女户主家庭和 463 个男户主家庭收集的数据。

发现

结果表明，与男性家庭相比，由于 COVID-19，女性家庭的饮食多样性受到的影响更大。在 COVID-19 期间，女户主家庭每日营养素（蛋白质、磷、锌、铁和碘）摄入量的下降幅度也大于男户主家庭。在 COVID-19 期间，这两种类型的家庭在每日卡路里和营养供应中所有食物组的份额都显着下降。与男户主家庭相比，女户主家庭的肉类和肉制品份额下降更多。与正常时期相比，在 COVID-19 期间，向女性和男性家庭提供卡路里的易腐烂商品的份额下降了 2%。在 COVID-19 期间，与大型家庭相比，中小型女性和男性家庭的饮食多样性恶化的可能性较小。在 COVID-19 期间，与中高收入女性和男性家庭相比，低收入家庭更有可能报告食物多样性下降。

研究限制/影响

由于该国实施的公共卫生措施，本研究中使用的数据是通过在线调查收集的。

原创性/价值

尽管出现了关于大流行对粮食安全影响的文献，但与 COVID-19 对饮食多样性和必要营养素的营养摄入基于性别的影响相关的研究仍然不存在。当前的研究将通过填补这一空白来增加文献。