Mutations and their manifestations in the form of various diseases and disorders result in cancer which is a major cause of human death worldwide. A considerable amount of information is available at the cellular, molecular and genetic levels regarding the occurrence and spread of precarious cancer; yet, there is no cure. The traditional methods of treatment such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgical intervention have shown to be moderately effective and to keep some types of cancer under control, but each modality has its own advantages and disadvantages. In recent years, more advanced methods such as targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and precision medicine are shown to be promising, and these fields continue to expand rapidly along with the conventional methods. This review focuses on the reports of advanced methods of treatment from a scientific standpoint to recognize many new and modern approaches. Selective targeting of the tumour cells by nanoparticle-based novel drug delivery approaches includes the latest innovations in their preparation strategies and applications. The concept of precision medicine and its impact on treatment are highlighted here with the hope of individualised therapy with minimum side effects as a part of ever-expanding treatment strategies. Additional challenges related to cancer treatment like multi-drug resistance and toxicity are also deliberated in brief. Based on the available reports and scientific evidence, better targeted approaches with better quality clinical outcomes and more precise drug delivery to fit individual treatment needs are anticipated in the near future to control this deadly disease.

各种疾病和紊乱形式的突变及其表现会导致癌症，而癌症是全世界人类死亡的主要原因。在细胞、分子和遗传水平上有大量关于危险癌症发生和扩散的信息；然而，没有治愈方法。化学疗法、放射疗法和手术干预等传统治疗方法已显示出中等效果，并且可以控制某些类型的癌症，但每种方法都有其优点和缺点。近年来，靶向治疗、免疫治疗和精准医疗等更先进的方法被证明是有前景的，这些领域与传统方法一起继续迅速扩展。这篇综述侧重于从科学的角度报告先进的治疗方法，以识别许多新的和现代的方法。通过基于纳米颗粒的新型药物递送方法选择性靶向肿瘤细胞包括其制备策略和应用的最新创新。此处强调精准医学的概念及其对治疗的影响，希望将副作用最小的个体化治疗作为不断扩展的治疗策略的一部分。还简要讨论了与癌症治疗相关的其他挑战，例如多药耐药性和毒性。根据现有的报告和科学证据，