Pile driving is one of the most intense anthropogenic noise sources in the marine environment. Each foundation pile may require up to a several thousand strokes of high hammer energy to be driven to the embedded depth. Scientific evidence shows that effects on the marine environment have to be anticipated if mitigation measures are not applied. Effective mitigation measures to prevent and reduce the impact of pile driving noise should therefore be part of regulation. The role of regulators is to demonstrate and assess the applicability, efficiency and effectiveness of noise mitigation measures. This requires both, scientific knowledge on noise impacts and the con-sideration of normative aspects of noise mitigation. The establishment of mitigation procedures in plans and approvals granted by regulatory agencies includes several stages. Here, we outline a step-wise approach in which most of the actions de-scribed may be performed simultaneously. Potential measures include the appropriate maritime spatial planning to avoid conflicts with nature conservation, site development for offshore wind farms to avoid undesirable activities in time and space, coordination of activities to avoid cumulative effects, and the application of technical noise abatement systems to reduce noise at the source. To increase the acceptance of noise mitigation applications, technical measures should fulfil a number of requirements: (a) they are applicable and affordable, (b) they are state-of-the-art or at least advanced in development, (c) their efficiency can be assessed with standardised procedures. In this study, the efficiency of noise mitigation applied recently in offshore wind farm construction projects in the German North Sea is explained and discussed with regard to the regulation framework, including the technical abatement of impulsive pile driving noise.

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化科学为法规：打桩降噪的有效措施

打桩是海洋环境中最强烈的人为噪声源之一。每个基桩可能需要高达数千次的高锤击能量才能打入埋入深度。科学证据表明，如果不采取缓解措施，就必须预测对海洋环境的影响。因此，预防和减少打桩噪音影响的有效缓解措施应成为监管的一部分。监管机构的作用是展示和评估噪音缓解措施的适用性、效率和有效性。这既需要关于噪声影响的科学知识，也需要考虑噪声缓解的规范方面。在监管机构授予的计划和批准中建立缓解程序包括几个阶段。这里，我们概述了一种逐步方法，其中描述的大多数操作可以同时执行。可能的措施包括适当的海洋空间规划以避免与自然保护发生冲突，海上风电场的场地开发以避免时间和空间上的不良活动，协调活动以避免累积影响，以及应用技术降噪系统以减少噪音来源。为提高降噪应用的接受度，技术措施应满足若干要求：(a) 它们适用且负担得起，(b) 它们是最先进的或至少在开发方面是先进的，(c) 它们的可以通过标准化程序评估效率。在这项研究中，