Insecticides are extensively applied in crop production and sometimes at higher concentration than their recommended doses, which has become an environmental hazard. Sustainable agricultural practices highlight minimal application of insecticides at low concentration. Use of controlled release formulations (CRFs) of pesticides in which active compound is associated with inert materials has emerged as an appealing alternative. In this study, nanospheres of insecticide cartap hydrochloride were developed using chitosan (CS) in the presence of tripolyphosphate (TPP) as crosslinker with the help of ionic gelation method, for the delivery of cartap hydrochloride. The nanoformulations were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. The FESEM images revealed that the size of chitosan tripolyphosphate (CS-TPP) nanospheres (nps) was in range of 117.01–185.27 nm, whereas cartap hydrochloride entrapped chitosan tripolyphosphate (C-CS-TPP) nanospheres had a size of 163.50–276.74 nm. FTIR results confirmed loading of cartap hydrochloride into chitosan tripolyphosphate nanospheres. The nanospheres showed encapsulation efficiency of 86.1% and were stable for 30 days at ambient temperature. In vitro release kinetics of insecticide from nanospheres followed a non Fickian diffusion mechanism. These nanospheres can act as slow-release formulation for the delivery of insecticide to the target organisms over a period of time, which is effective as well as environmentally safe.

杀虫剂广泛应用于作物生产，有时浓度高于推荐剂量，这已成为环境危害。可持续的农业实践突出了低浓度杀虫剂的最小应用。使用活性化合物与惰性材料结合的农药控释制剂 (CRF) 已成为一种有吸引力的替代方案。在这项研究中，使用壳聚糖 (CS) 在三聚磷酸盐 (TPP) 作为交联剂的情况下，借助离子凝胶法开发了杀虫剂盐酸甲胨纳米球，用于递送甲胨盐酸盐。通过场发射扫描电子显微镜 (FESEM)、X 射线衍射 (XRD) 和傅里叶变换红外 (FTIR) 光谱表征纳米制剂。FESEM 图像显示壳聚糖三聚磷酸盐 (CS-TPP) 纳米球 (nps) 的尺寸在 117.01-185.27 nm 范围内，而甲壳素盐酸盐包裹的壳聚糖三聚磷酸盐 (C-CS-TPP) 纳米球的尺寸为 163.50-276.74 nm . FTIR 结果证实了甲壳素盐酸盐负载到壳聚糖三聚磷酸盐纳米球中。纳米球显示出 86.1% 的包封率，并且在环境温度下稳定 30 天。杀虫剂从纳米球的体外释放动力学遵循非 Fickian 扩散机制。这些纳米球可以作为缓释制剂，在一段时间内将杀虫剂输送到目标生物体，既有效又对环境安全。而甲壳素盐酸盐包裹的壳聚糖三聚磷酸盐 (C-CS-TPP) 纳米球的尺寸为 163.50-276.74 nm。FTIR 结果证实了甲壳素盐酸盐负载到壳聚糖三聚磷酸盐纳米球中。纳米球显示出 86.1% 的包封率，并且在环境温度下稳定 30 天。杀虫剂从纳米球的体外释放动力学遵循非 Fickian 扩散机制。这些纳米球可以作为缓释制剂，在一段时间内将杀虫剂输送到目标生物体，既有效又对环境安全。而甲壳素盐酸盐包裹的壳聚糖三聚磷酸盐 (C-CS-TPP) 纳米球的尺寸为 163.50-276.74 nm。FTIR 结果证实了甲壳素盐酸盐负载到壳聚糖三聚磷酸盐纳米球中。纳米球显示出 86.1% 的包封率，并且在环境温度下稳定 30 天。杀虫剂从纳米球的体外释放动力学遵循非 Fickian 扩散机制。这些纳米球可以作为缓释制剂，在一段时间内将杀虫剂输送到目标生物体，既有效又对环境安全。纳米球显示出 86.1% 的包封率，并且在环境温度下稳定 30 天。杀虫剂从纳米球的体外释放动力学遵循非 Fickian 扩散机制。这些纳米球可以作为缓释制剂，在一段时间内将杀虫剂输送到目标生物体，既有效又对环境安全。纳米球显示出 86.1% 的包封率，并且在环境温度下稳定 30 天。杀虫剂从纳米球的体外释放动力学遵循非 Fickian 扩散机制。这些纳米球可以作为缓释制剂，在一段时间内将杀虫剂输送到目标生物体，既有效又对环境安全。